Monday, December 3, 2012


Sustainable development and population management

 

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Welcome

Welcome to the one hundred and nineteenth (119th) edition of this regular column. Here, we discuss a wide range of topics around Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), many aspects of Business, SME Development, Agriculture, Education, Entrepreneurship, Creativity, Innovation and the Society at large.

Population

The world population reached the 7 billion mark a few months back. The world population hit 6.5 billion in 2006. This came about 12 years after the world population reached the 5 billion point in 1987.

The growth is extremely rapid.

This was not the case many thousands of years ago. Humans just like any other animal species were subject to the laws of nature. This meant that the survival of the species depended on the abundance of food and evasion of predators. It’s a cycle which regulated the population of every species. However, during the course of the history humans realised that their food can be produced; vegetables and fruits can be grown and animals can be farmed. From this point onwards the journey of the human kind took a different path from that of the other species. Abundance of food meant fewer restrictions on population growth.

Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. The drastic advances in medical technologies meant a significant drop in mortality and infant mortality rates. The advancement in industrial machinery resulted in substantial increases in agricultural productivity.

India

Take India for example. While India does lot of things right, population is one thing that doesn’t help them. The numbers are enormous and the systems and processes actually can’t handle it. While certain parts of the economy are thriving, the results donflow to everyone equally. While some are extremely rich, some die on the roads with no food. If you go down a street, little kids will be begging in their hundreds. Most of it is unheard of in Sri Lanka.

Whenever I am in India, I am amazed by the number of people around. It’s just full of people! I feel either there should be ways to control population, or systems and processes re-thought to tackle the numbers involved.

Author of "The Population Bomb", Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University recently gave an interview where he emphasized that global population has more than doubled since he wrote the book in 1968. He notes that although there has been a reduction in birth rates, it is not nearly enough.

It is projected that the Earth will have to support 2 billion additional people by 2050. He says:

"To support 2 billion more, it will be necessary to farm ever poorer lands, use more dangerous and expensive agricultural inputs, win metals from ever-poorer ores, drill wells deeper or tap increasingly remote or more contaminated sources to obtain water, and then spend more energy to transport that water ever greater distances. All this will require vastly more energy than is now used. As a result, the next 2 billion people probably will do disproportionately much more damage to our life-support systems than did the last 2 billion. Of course, if humanity got serious about protecting the environment, and now especially the atmosphere, the next 2 billion could do less damage."

In a nutshell, the increasing population need more land area for living to build houses and flats. On the other hand more land area is needed for agriculture to nurture the increasing population. And not forgetting the need to produce ever more increasing amounts of furniture and consumables among other things. All this is while sharing the limited amount of water, oil and other natural resources.

So, it’s crystal clear that we need to manage the population for our future generations to survive on mother earth. There are a few areas to that can help.

Empowering women to make their own decisions about child birth and bearing is one area. More than two in five pregnancies worldwide are unintended by the women who experience them. Women must be able to make their own decisions about childbearing free from fear of pressure from partners, family, and society.

The other main area is around consuming fewer resources and minimising waste. Humans use the finite resources of the world to unbelievable levels and they also waste large quantities of food every year. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, industrialized countries waste 222 million tons of food annually. If fewer resources and less food were wasted, the world would be able to feed more people and use fewer resources in producing them.

Not to forget, we are already talking of a potential famine where food could be in short supply. I am sure all of us have heard about the issues with drinking water.

Sustainable development and due attention to this is a need of the hour.

World Economic Forum on India

The World Economic Forum on India was held in Gurgaon, the National Capital Region from November 6 to 8. The meeting convened under the theme "From Deliberation to Transformation" created an ideal platform to dialogue and debate on core areas that are crucial for India to restore growth such as means of redressing the risks India faces, recognizing and developing its human capital and fulfilling India’s future promise. Deliberations which lasted for two days involved about 600 participants from 40 countries around the world.

Mr. Asanga Abeyagoonasekera, the Executive Director of Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute participated as a panelist in some sessions. Among the participants there were several imminent personalities such as Stephen Harper, the Canadian Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, the former British Prime Minister, Imran Khan, the former Pakistani Cricket captain and Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Deputy Chairman of the Indian Planning Commission.

The session on "Spurring the Growth of South Asia’s Social Economy" comprised of five panelists; Adi B. Godrej, Chairman of the Godrej Group, Rohini Nilekani, Chairperson of the Arghyam Foundation in India, Kasim M. Kasuri, an educationist from Pakistan, Imran Khan, the former Pakistani Cricket Captain and the leader of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and Asanga Abeyagoonasekera. When other respondent were of the view that philanthropy, NGOs and voluntary service emerge to fill gaps in the services delivered by governments and markets, Mr. Abeyagoonasekera drawing an example from Sri Lanka pointed out how a sync of philanthropists, social entrepreneurs, government and private sector helped in overcoming the problems created by the Tsunami in 2004. He also added that empowering the bottom of the social pyramid, improving educational institutions, strengthening corporate social responsibility, improving governance processes and having the courage to engage all these components in eradicating poverty are important in achieving growth on a large scale.

The session "A Vision for India" in the course of its discussion recognized a number of points. It was brought into light that there are many challenges in capitalizing the potential of the youth bulge in the Indian society. One way to overcome this challenge and create a better future for the youth in India would be through increased investments in basic services like healthcare and education. Mr. Abeyagoonasekera stated that India needs to play a much better regional leadership role and the small nations in South Asia wants India to be a great success. It would be important for India to be attentive to the issues in other countries. In addition, Mr. Abeyagoonasekera underscored the importance in getting the basics correct by changing the mindset and by institutionalizing the changes in the mindset. He also emphasized the need to create actual integration in the South Asian region. One way to meet this end is loosening visa regimes. He suggested that India could be more flexible in giving Visa to people from Pakistan.

See you next week!



The Columnist

Yasas Vishuddhi Abeywickrama is an entrepreneur, trainer, writer and speaker. In 2011 he was recognised as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons (TOYP) in Sri Lanka. He co-founded Lanka BPO Academy (www.lankabpoacademy.lk). Yasas is an Executive Council Member of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka (CSSL – www.cssl.lk). He is a regular resource person for ‘Ape Gama’ program of FM Derana and 100% Youth program on TV Derana.

Saturday, November 24, 2012


Standard Chartered unveils zero carbon credit card

 

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Standard Chartered announced the first zero carbon credit card in the country in partnership with the Conservation Carbon Company (CCC). Subramaniam Eassuwaran, Director of CCC handed over the certificate to Sanjay Wijemanne, Head of Consumer Banking, in a ceremony held on Friday, 16 November at Standard Chartered’s Head Office.

Standard Chartered recently launched its Green Cover Project, an initiative to reduce paper wastage, whereby the Bank will pledge to plant a tree for every customer signing up for an eStatement. The carbon credits accumulated by this imitative and other environment focused sustainability activities of the Bank, such as the planting of 200 trees along the stretch of beach at Kosgoda by the Bank’s volunteers and the replenishing of degraded forest cover in Atale, were used to offset the credit card’s carbon footprint.

Sanjay Wijemanne, Head of Consumer Banking, speaking at the handover ceremony said: "The conservation and protection of the environment has always been a focus activity for our volunteers, and we are pleased to be able to announce that our efforts have yielded a significant prize. We look forward to our peers in the industry following our lead in offering carbon neutral or carbon zero products to their customers as well, thereby engendering positive impacts for the benefit of the environment in general."

Standard Chartered’s groups of volunteers will continue to engage in restoring imperilled habitats by replanting lost or destroyed flora coverage under the Green Cover Project. The Bank’s sustainability agenda is focused on minimising the negative impact on the environment, and Standard Chartered customers now have the opportunity to actively participate in ensuring the conservation of our environment for future generations by engaging with the Bank’s eStatement facility as well as its zero carbon credit card..

Subramaniam Eassuwaran, Director of the Conservation Carbon Company commented: "Many organisations would resort to purchasing the carbon credits to offset their footprints, and it is encouraging to see a bank acquiring sufficient credits on the strength of its environmental contribution. We all have a contribution to make and the onus lies with all of us and not simply with the manufacturing and production sectors, service sector industries too can make a significant contribution to conserving and replenishing the environment."


IUCN, Sri Lankan businesses push for greater conservation

 

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The Business and Biodiversity (B@B) Platform is a tool to foster dialogue with business and biodiversity. The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce (CCC), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Dilmah Conservation are developing the platform to encourage greater cooperation between businesses in Sri Lanka, including SMEs, and links to national and global initiatives. The platform will provide science, technical and management advice on biodiversity conservation issues to assist businesses to become more sustainable.

As in other Asian economies, in Sri Lanka the private sector is the engine of growth. Despite the past conflict and inflation becoming a serious issue in the country, the engine has propelled Sri Lanka’s economy forward. The combination of sustaining high economic growth rates and improving the lives of the poor or marginalized communities whilst not compromising on environmental conservation and restoration is one of the biggest challenges facing the country. Safeguarding the country’s biodiversity is integral to sustainable development, competitiveness, economic growth and employment. Many of the services that biodiversity and ecosystems provide are currently severely threatened.

The CCC, IUCN and Dilmah Conservation have joined forces to respond to this issue through the B@B Platform – a facility where businesses can come together to share experiences and best practices, learn from their peers and voice their needs and concerns aiming to strengthen the link between the business sector and biodiversity conservation.

The B@B Platform will engage and promote strong leadership of the private sector through a forum, where the sector can easily obtain technical support, share information, promote best practices and dialogue with state and civil society partners on biodiversity conservation issues to achieve a knowledge sharing system: a nationally-owned mechanism to promote dialogue and improve the exchange of knowledge, information and methods on biodiversity conservation, within and between the private sector and to link existing and emerging networks and initiatives. It will also help businesses to find solutions to adjust their activities to ensure fair income and sustainable growth, whilst providing benefits for biodiversity and ecosystems.

Benefits to Business…

It will provide access to sectoral best practice for biodiversity conservation through the Resource center of the B@B website. The platform will draw up an inventory of the current best practices through benchmarking initiatives supporting sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.

The B@B platform will also contribute to the development of principles of best practice implementation. Principles of best practices implementation will be discussed through workshops, involving businesses and diverse stakeholders from the respective sectors. These principles will assist companies in including biodiversity concerns in their core business, contributing to sustainability performance.

Further, the platform will highlight outstanding contributions to biodiversity conservation. This facility will measure corporate performance on biodiversity conservation and assess best practices implemented.

It will also provide access to technical advice and assistance in integrating biodiversity concerns in project planning and implementation and provide access to a project bank consisting of current and future projects, involving biodiversity solutions for business.

In addition to internal advice, the initiative will seek guidance from external representatives from academia, policy makers, media, financial and the business sector on a variety of implementation activities. An advisory panel will provide science, technical and management advice relevant to its functioning. The B@B will apply a membership structure. The additional advantage of membership is that member companies become part of a biodiversity network. B@B will provide the services of its Expert Groups on a concessionary basis for members given that B@B is not meant to be a profit making enterprise but a platform for facilitation.

International linkages and networking…

The platform will establish global and regional linkages and share lessons of significance. Results from initiatives in various countries will also be exchanged. Through its extensive networks, the CCC will be able to cover not only the official, government-driven initiatives, but also the initiatives undertaken by NGOs and the private sector. Mechanisms for linking globally and regionally with sustainability bodies will be worked out and CCC will facilitate networking amongst regional chambers of Commerce and Industry. B@B will take the lead in establishing international links and networks with other such centers of excellence, networking bodies, notably are the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the UN Global Compact.

Who can participate?

Sri Lanka based businesses ranging from SME’s to national and multinational companies, business associations as well as expert institutions, state agencies and nature conservation NGOs

Contacts for more information: Shiranee Yasaratne, Head, Regional Business and Biodiversity Programme, IUCN Asia Shiranee.yasaratne@iucn.org. Alikie Perera, Deputy Secretary General, Ceylon Chamber of Commerce alikie@chamber.lk

Tuesday, September 25, 2012



University Students on Bicycles?

 

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By Douglas King

What’s one of the first things a student does when arriving at Cambridge University? The answer if you didn’t know is to buy or rent a bicycle. Nearly every student and many faculty members travel around the colleges and city by bicycle despite often wet and cold weather. Whether you are a wealthy or not wealthy student, the bicycle is the great leveler. In fact there are so many bicycles that even the numerous authorised places to park your bike are often full.

Having lived in Kandy for over eight years and frequently visiting Peradeniya University (often on my bicycle), I have yet to see even a single student or faculty member riding a bicycle. Occasionally I do see a labourer astride an old and rusting bike, but never a student. Hostels and various university buildings are not in close proximity so it would seem a sensible and convenient mode of transport that would both save time and provide good exercise. Surely it cannot be the cost of a bicycle that prevents ownership or the lack of suitable roads and tracks. Eight thousand rupees buys quite a serviceable machine and most roads in the university have been upgraded.

Most Sunday mornings I cycle around the various university roads and further afield. Passing by many students walking along the roads, I do get stared at as if I am some (mirage. I am over three times the age of most students and obviously not a local labourer, so maybe I am an eccentric (albeit, a healthy one!).

I have sometimes asked students why they don’t ride bicycles and those who understand my English just smile. However, several students have hinted that riding a bike on campus is an indication that you are either poor or strange. Of course, motor bikes are what every student would like but cannot afford.

While bicycles in many European cities are becoming a popular means of transport for both residents and tourists, Sri Lanka sometimes does everything to deter ownership. During my recent visit to London and Paris, I was amazed at the huge number of bicycle depots located seemingly at every junction where anyone with a credit card can borrow a suitable city bike free of charge and leave it at any of the numerous roadside bike stations. London is gradually becoming a bike-friendly city with bicycle lanes alongside many roads. Unfortunately in Kandy and surroundings, there are few places where it is safe to ride a bike especially for children. Why not invite children to bring their bikes to the Botanical Gardens once a month? With the various paved tracks around the Gardens, it would give children a safe place to ride, as well as enjoying the wonderful environment. A suggestion to this effect some time back, went unanswered.

So I shall continue to be the sole rider on the campus and ignore the stares and looks of surprise from passersby. Occasionally you can see either the Prime Minister  or MPs riding bicycles to Parliament or travelling on public transport. Naturally, I am referring to the UK and not Sri Lanka

Monday, August 27, 2012


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āļ¸ේ āļ†āļšාāļģāļēෙāļą් ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් āļ´ාāļģ්⎁්⎀āļēāļš්‌ ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ‹āļ´ුāļ§ා āļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļąු āļŊāļļāļą āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා āļ­්‍āļģිāļ­්⎀āļēāļš්‌ āļ´ාāļ¯āļš āļšāļģāļœෙāļą āļšāļģුāļĢු ⎀ිāļ¸āļģ්⎁āļąāļēāļš āļēෙāļ¯ෙāļą්āļąāļ§ āļ…āļ´ āļ‰āļš්‌āļ¸āļą් ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸āļš්‌āļąි⎃ා āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļģāļĸāļģāļ§ āˇ€āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœāļēේ āļ…āļš්‌āļ¸ුāļŊ් ⎃ෙ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļąāļą්āļ¯ු⎀āļš්‌ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļą āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļ´ිāļģි⎃්‌⎀āļŊāļ§ āļœැāļ§āļŊු⎀āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ‘⎄ි āļŊා āļ¯ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු ⎀ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ´ි⎅ිāļ­ුāļģ āļ¸ේ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀āļą් āļ­ු⎅ āļ¸ āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි ⎀ āļ…āļą්āļ­āļģ්āļœāļœāļ­ āˇ€ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸ෙāļšී ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා āļ­්‍āļģිāļ­්⎀āļē āļ…āļ­āļģිāļą්, 2011 āˇ€āˇƒāļģේ āļĸූāļąි āļ¸āˇƒ ⎃ෞāļ›්‍āļē āļ‡āļ¸ැāļ­ි⎀āļģāļēා ⎀ෙāļ­ āļˇාāļģ āļ¯ී āļ‡āļ­ැāļēි ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀āļą, āļ´āˇ…āļ¸ු⎀ැāļą්āļąෙ⎄ි āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ේ.

"⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇ€ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ€ූ ⎃ාāļ°āļš āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļšāļ§ āļ¸ āļąිāļģා⎀āļģāļĢāļē ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļšී ⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœāļēāļ§ āˇ„ේāļ­ු ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąී āļēāļēි. āļ¸ේ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀ා ⎄āļŗුāļąාāļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇƒාāļ°āļš āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌, āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āˇƒāˇ„ āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļ¯ āˇ€ෙāļēි.

āļ†āļąāļēāļąිāļš āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ, ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āˇ€āļšුāļœāļŠු⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇ€ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් ⎀ැāļąි āļšාāļģāļš āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ⎀āļŊ āļœුāļĢාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļļ⎀ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļąැං⎀ීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļą āˇƒැāļŊැ⎃්‌āļ¸āļš්‌ ⎃ැāļšāˇƒීāļ¸āļ§ āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁ āļšāļģāļąු āļŊැāļļේ.

⎄ැāļšිāļ­ාāļš්‌ āļ‰āļš්‌āļ¸āļąිāļą් āļ¸ේ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļ´ිāļē⎀āļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļ´ැ⎄ැāļģ ⎄ැāļģිāļē āļąො⎄ැāļšි āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļēāļ­ා⎀āļšි. āļ¸ේ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļ´ිāļē⎀āļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ¸ා ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēෙ⎄ි ⎀ි⎂āļšාāļģāļš āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් āļ‘āļš්‌ āļģැ⎃්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ේāļ­ු ⎀āļąු āļ‡āļ­ි āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸ෙāļšී āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊ ⎀ෙ⎃ෙāļą āļĸāļąāļēා āļœේ ⎃ෞāļ›්‍āļēāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļą āˇ„ාāļąිāļē āļ…āļąුāļš්‍āļģāļ¸āļēෙāļą් ⎀ැāļŠි ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ‘⎄ි āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĩāļŊāļē ⎀āļąු āļ‡āļ­."

āļ¸ේ āļ´්‍āļģāļšා⎁āļąāļēෙāļą්, ⎄ැāļšිāļ­ාāļš්‌ āļ‰āļš්‌āļ¸āļąිāļą් āļ´ිāļē⎀āļģ āļœāļą්āļąැāļēි āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁ āļšෙāļģෙāļą්āļąේ āļ¸ො⎄ොāļ­āļš āˇ„ෝ āļ´āļ¸ා⎀ෙ⎄ි āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ි⎀ිāļ´ාāļš āļ¯ āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි⎀ āļœෙāļąāˇ„ැāļģ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļ¸ිāļąි.

āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් 2011 āļĸූāļąි āļ¸āˇƒ ⎃ිāļ§ āļ¸ේ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀ා āˇ€āˇƒāļģāļšāļ§āļ­් ⎀ැāļŠි āļšාāļŊāļēāļš්‌ āļœāļ­ āˇ€ී āļ‡āļ­ි āļąāļ¸ුāļ¯ු āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą, āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ āļ†āļąāļēāļą āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊිāļē āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා (⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļšෘ⎂ිāļšāļģ්āļ¸ āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļēං⎁āļē ⎄ා āļ’ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļ…ං⎁) āˇƒāˇ€ිāļ¸āļ­් ⎀ැāļŠāļ´ි⎅ි⎀ෙ⎅āļš්‌ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļ§ āļąං⎀ා āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀āļš්‌ āļ´ෙāļąෙāļą්āļąāļ§ āļąැāļ­.

āļ‘āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļģ ⎄ැāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¸ේ ⎀āļœāļšීāļ¸් ⎃āļ¸ුāļ¯ාāļē āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē āļ”āˇƒ්‌⎃ේ ⎄ෝ āļšāļŠිāļąāļ¸ිāļą් ⎃ාāļšāļ ්āļĄා⎀āļ§ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļšාāļŊීāļąāˇ€ ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļĸාāļ­ිāļš āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļēāļ­ා⎀āļš්‌ āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ´ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸ු⎀ ⎀āļ§āˇ„ාāļœāļ­ āļēුāļ­ු ⎀ේ.

āļ¸ේ ⎀āļœāļšීāļ¸් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļģ ⎄ැāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸ූāļŊිāļš āˇ€āˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¯ෙāļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļšāļ§ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸ෙāļšී āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļ´්‍āļģāļœāļ­ි ⎃āļ¸ාāļŊෝāļ āļą āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀ āļąිāļšුāļ­් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­ි 2011 āļĸූāļąි āļ¸ා⎃āļē āļēāļąු āļģāļĸāļģāļ§ āˇ€āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœāļē ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āˇƒ්‌⎀ාāļ°ීāļą āļ´āļģ්āļēේ⎂āļĢ āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸් āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļš āļ¸ āļ…āļąා⎀āļģāļĢ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļģāļ§ āļ­ු⎅ āļ‹āļĢු⎃ුāļ¸් ⎀ාāļ¯ āˇ€ි⎀ාāļ¯ āļ¸āļ°්‍āļēāļēේ ⎃ාāļšāļ ්āļĄා⎀āļ§ āļļāļŗුāļą් ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ­ිāļļූ ⎃āļ¸āļēāļšි. ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļēāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌⎀āļŊ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļē āļœෙāļąāˇ„ැāļģ āļ´ෑ āļ´āļģ්āļēේ⎂āļĢ āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸ āļšෙāļģෙ⎄ි āļšැāļ´ී āļ´ෙāļąෙāļą āļ…⎀āļ°ාāļąāļēāļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ූ ⎃āļ¸āļēāļšි.

āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ‘⎀āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļœāļšි⎀āļēුāļ­ු āļ…ං⎁ ⎄ැ⎃ිāļģුāļĢේ āļ¸ෙāļšී ⎃ාāļ°āļš āļąො ⎃āļŊāļšා ⎄ැāļģිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļąො⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļļ⎀ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀āļ§ āļ’āļ­්āļ­ු āļœැāļą්⎀ෙāļą āļ†āļšාāļģāļēෙāļą් āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ´āļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āļąැāļ­. āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් ⎃ැāļšāļēāļ§ āļļāļŗුāļą් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļŊෝāļš āˇƒෞāļ›්‍āļē ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļąāļē ⎄ා ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀ෙ⎄ි āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀ෙāļ¯්āļ¯ීāļ­් ⎀āļœāļšි⎀āļēුāļ­්āļ­āļą් āļ’ āļļ⎀ āļšāˇ€āļģ ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀āļš්‌ ⎄ෝ āļąි⎃ා āļēāļ§āļ´āļ­් āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąී āļēāļēි.

āļ‘āļ­ෙāļšිāļą් āļąො āļąāˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļ”⎀ුāļą් ⎄ැ⎃ිāļģී āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģු ⎄ැāļŸāˇ€ීāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎄ෝ āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļš්‌ ⎄ෝ āļ­āļ¸āļą් ⎀ෙāļ­ āļŊැāļļී āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļ§ āļē. ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀ීāļœෙāļą āļēāļą āˇ€ිāļ´āļ­ āˇ€āˇ…āļš්‌⎀ා āļŊීāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāļ­ුāļ§ුāļ¯ාāļēāļš āļ´ිāļē⎀āļģ āļ¸ො⎀ුāļą් āļ¸ේ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀ා āļœෙāļą āļ­ිāļļේ āļ¯? āļ…āļ´ āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ´්‍āļģ⎁්āļą āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļšāļģුāļĢු āļšාāļģāļĢා āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ€ āļē.

āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļ†āļąāļēāļąāļē, āļļෙāļ¯ා⎄ැāļģීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āˇƒāˇ€ිāļ¸āļ­් āļąීāļ­ි āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļ­ිāļēāļš්‌ āļ…āļ´ āļģāļ§ āˇƒāļ­ු ⎀ āļ­ිāļļුāļĢ āļ¯ āļ’⎀ා āļąි⎃ි āļ†āļšාāļģāļēෙāļą් āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļ§ āļąැං⎀ීāļ¸ේ āļ´්‍āļģාāļēෝāļœිāļš āļ…āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļ­ා āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļļ⎀ āļ¸ේ ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ´්‍āļģ⎃ිāļ¯්āļ° āļģāˇ„āˇƒāļšි.

āļ‘āļš්‌ āļ…āļ­āļšිāļą් āļ¸ේ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇƒෘāļĸු ⎀ āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€āļą āļšෘ⎂ිāļšāļģ්āļ¸ āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļš්‌⎂ āļĸāļąāļģාāļŊ් āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļą āļ…ං⎁⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļ…āļŠු ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් ⎄ා ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļĨ āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´ිāļģිāļ´ුāļą් āļ¸ාāļąāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸්āļ´āļ­් ⎄ිāļŸāļšāļ¸ āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි ⎀ාāļ­ා⎀āļģāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļœෙāļą්⎀āļą āˇƒāļ¸ාāļœāļ¸් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āˇ€ිāļ¯ෙ⎃්‌ ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා āļšෙāļģෙ⎄ි ⎀ැāļŠි ⎀ි⎁්⎀ා⎃āļēāļš්‌ āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸ āˇ„ැāļģ āļ…āļą් ⎀ිāļšāļŊ්āļ´āļēāļš්‌ āļ¸ෙāļšී āļ…ං⎁⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ‰āļ­ිāļģි āļąො ⎀ේ.

āļąිāļ¯āˇƒුāļąāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąāˇ€āļŊ ⎃āļš්‍āļģිāļē ⎃ංāļāļ§āļš āļ‘āļšāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ āļ¯්⎀ිāļ­්⎀āļēāļš්‌ āļ¸ āˇƒංāļēෝāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ…āļą්āļ­āļģ්āļœāļ­ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘⎀ැāļąි ⎀ිāļ§āļš āļ’ āļ‘āļš්‌ āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎃ංāļēෝāļœāļē ⎀ෙāļą් āļšāļģāļœෙāļą āļ‘⎄ි āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸ āˇƒෙ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ…āļŠු āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් āļēāļ§āļ­ේ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ…āļ­ි⎁āļē āļ¯ු⎂්āļšāļģ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­්āļ­āļšි.

āļ…āļ°ිāļš āˇƒāļš්‍āļģිāļē ⎃ංāļāļ§āļš āˇƒාāļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļ‡āˇƒිāļģුāļ¸් āļœෙāļą්⎀āļą āˇƒāļ¸ාāļœāļ¸්, āļ’⎀ාāļēෙ⎄ි ⎃ාāļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļĢ āļ…āļąුāļ¸āļ­ āļ…āļœāļē āļ¯āļš්‌⎀ා āļ…āļŠු ⎀āļą āˇƒේ āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ¯ී āļļෝāļ­āļŊ් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļēි. āļ‘⎀ැāļąි ⎀ිāļ§āļš āļ¯ී āļąි⎃ි āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸ිāļą් ⎃ංāļāļ§āļš āˇƒාāļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļĢ āļ´āˇ€āļ­්⎀ාāļœāļą්āļąේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļ¸ු⎅ුāļ¸āļąිāļą් āļ¸ āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂ා āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ…āļ´ේ ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģāļēāļš āļē. āļ…āļŠු āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļ‘⎀ැāļąි āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­්āļ­āļš්‌ āļšාāļģ්āļēāļš්‌⎂්āļ¸āˇ€ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļēෑāļēි ⎀ි⎁්⎀ා⎃ āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąො⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ‘āļšāļŊ්⎄ි āļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸ාāļœāļ¸් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļ¯āļ­්āļ­ āļ¸āļ­ āļēෑāļ´ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀ීāļ¸ āļąො ⎀ැ⎅ැāļš්‌⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē.

āļ¸ේ āļąිāļ¯āˇƒුāļąෙāļą් āļ‰āˇƒ්‌āļ¸āļ­ු āļšෙāļģෙāļą āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļēāļ­ා⎀āļš්‌ ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§āļ§ āļœෙāļą්⎀āļą āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļąි⎃ි āļ…āļēුāļģිāļą් āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂ා āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąāļ¸් āļģේāļœු⎀ ⎃āļ­ු ⎀ āļ¯ āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒ්‌ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ිāļ­ිāļēෙāļą් āļēුāļ­ු ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් āļ­ිāļļීāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļļ⎀ āļē. āļ‘⎀ිāļ§ āļģේāļœු⎀ේ ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģ āļ¯āļ­්āļ­ āˇ„ා āļ´āˇƒු⎀ āļ´āˇ…ිāļļෝāļ°āļąා⎁āļš āļšාāļģ්āļēං⎁āļēේ ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģ āļ¯āļ­්āļ­ āˇ€ිāˇāˇ€āˇƒāļąීāļē āļ…āļēුāļģිāļą් ⎃āļą්⎃āļą්āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļļැāļŊීāļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀ āļŊැāļļේ.

⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļœාāļģ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ¸ාāļąāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸්āļ´āļ­් āļŒāļąāļ­ා⎀āļš්‌ āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļģ āļ¯ී ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāˇ…ෙāļ¸ු. āļ´āˇ…ිāļļෝāļ°āļąා⎁āļš āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļą āļ…ං⎁⎀āļŊ ⎀ැāļŠිāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļšාāļģී ⎃ේ⎀āļēෙ⎄ි āļąිāļēුāļ­ු ⎀ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āˇ€ි⎂⎀ේāļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€ි⎁ේ⎂āļĨāļ­ා⎀āļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ´ිāļģි⎃āļšි. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ…āļ´ āļģāļ§ේ āļ‘⎀ැāļąි āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļš්‌ āļ¯āļš්‌āļąāļ§ āļąො āļŊැāļļේ. āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āļ­ෝāļģා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļĨāļ­ා⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļŠා āļĸ්‍āļēෙ⎂්āļ¨āļ­්⎀āļē ⎃āļŊāļšා āļļāļŊāļą āļļ⎀āļš්‌ āļ¯āļš්‌āļąāļ§ āļŊැāļļේ.

āļ´āˇ…ිāļļෝāļ°āļąා⎁āļš āļģෙāļĸි⎃්‌āļ§්‍āļģාāļģ්⎀āļģāļēා ⎀ෙāļ­ āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁ āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇ…ිāļļෝāļ°āļąා⎁āļš āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļ­ාāļš්‌⎂āļĢිāļš āˇ„ා āļ‹āļ´āļ¯ේ⎁āļą āļšāļ¸ිāļ§ු⎀ෙ⎄ි ⎃ංāļēුāļ­ිāļē āļ¯ෙ⎃ āļļāļŊāļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ¯ āļ¸ෙāļšී āļ…āļŠුāļ´ාāļŠු⎀ āļšැāļ´ී āļ´ෙāļąෙāļēි. āļ‘āļē āļ¯ āˇ€ැāļŠි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļąිāļēෝāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ ⎀ි⎂⎀ේāļ¯ීāļą් āļąො ⎀ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ´āļģිāļ´ාāļŊāļą āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇ…āļ´ුāļģුāļ¯්āļ¯āļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āļē. āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි ⎀ිāļ§āļš āļ”⎀ුāļą් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļœāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļ­ීāļą්āļ¯ු ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļ¯āļ­්āļ­ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸් ⎀āļąāˇ€ාāļ§ āˇ€āļŠා āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ´āļ­්āļ­ිāļ¸āļē āļ­ීāļą්āļ¯ු ⎀ීāļ¸ේ ⎀ැāļŠි āļąැāļšුāļģු⎀āļš්‌ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිsāļēි.

āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ…āļŠුāļ´ාāļŠුāļšāļ¸් ⎀āļŠාāļ­් ⎄ොāļŗිāļą් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌, āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē ⎀ැāļąි ⎀ි⎂ āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē ⎄ුāļ¯ෙāļš්‌ āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļąි⎂්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļēේ āļ¯ී āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļšාāļĢ්‌āļŠāļēෙ⎄ි āļŊා ⎃āļŊāļšා āļ’⎀ා āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­āˇ€ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļŊිāļēාāļ´āļ¯ිංāļ ි āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļē ⎀ැāļąි āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁ āļ¸ෙāļšී āļ…ං⎁⎀āļŊිāļą් āļēāļ¸් āļēāļ¸් āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļŊ āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­ි āļąි⎃ා āļē.

āļģāļĸāļģāļ§ āˇ€āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœāļē ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ€ 2011 āļ”āļš්‌āļ­ෝāļļāļģ් āļ¸ා⎃āļēේ āļ¯ී āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļŊෝāļš āˇƒෞāļ›්‍āļē ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļąāļēේ āļ­āˇ€āļ­් ⎀්‍āļēාāļ´ෘāļ­ි ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀āļš āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ ⎃ෞāļ›්‍āļē āļ‡āļ¸ැāļ­ි⎀āļģāļēා āļœේ āļ‹āļ´āļ¯ෙ⎃්‌⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļąු⎀ 2011 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒාāļąāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ¸ීāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļēං⎁ āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ āļšෙāļ§ිāļšාāļŊීāļą, āļ¸āļ°්‍āļēāļšාāļŊීāļą āˇ„ා āļ¯ිāļœුāļšාāļŊීāļą āļ´ිāļē⎀āļģ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļļ⎄ුāļ´ාāļģ්⎁්⎀ිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාāļēāļ¸ාāļģ්āļœිāļš āˇƒැāļŊැ⎃්‌āļ¸āļš්‌ ⎃āļšāˇƒ්‌ āļšāļģ āļ­ිāļļිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļļ⎀āļ­්, 2012 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ­ු⎅ ⎄ැāļšිāļ­ාāļš්‌ āļ‰āļš්‌āļ¸āļąිāļą් āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒැāļŊැ⎃්‌āļ¸ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļ§ āļąැං⎀ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļļ⎀āļ­් āļē.

āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ‘āˇƒāļ¸āļē ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§āļ­් āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් ⎀āļœāļšි⎀ āļēුāļ­ු āļ…ං⎁ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ ⎀ැāļąි, āļ´්‍āļģ⎁්āļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒෘāļĸු ⎀ āļ¸ āˇ€āļœāļšි⎀ āļēුāļ­ු āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ ූāļ¯ිāļ­ āļ¸ූāļŊāļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē⎀āļŊ āļ…⎄ිං⎃āļšāļšāļ¸ āˇ„ු⎀ා āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļąāļ¸් āļ‘āļē ⎃ු⎅ු āļ´āļģිāļ¸ාāļĢāļēේ ⎀āļœāļšීāļ¸් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļģ ⎄ැāļģීāļ¸āļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ ⎃ැāļŊāļšිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļ¯?

āļœුāļĢාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļļ⎀ිāļą් āļ…āļŠු āļšෘ⎂ිāļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āˇ„āļŗුāļąාāļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´āˇ„āˇƒු āļšāļģ⎀āļą āļ­āˇ€āļ­් ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀āļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļš්‌āļšේ, āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ…āļ­āļģිāļą් ⎃āļš්‍āļģිāļē ⎃ංāļāļ§āļšāļē (āļ´āˇ…ිāļļෝāļ°āļēා ⎀ිāļąා⎁ āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒෘāļĸු ⎀ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļ…āļąුāļ¸āļ­ āˇƒංāļāļ§āļšāļē, ⎃āļš්‍āļģිāļē ⎃ංāļāļ§āļšāļē āļŊෙ⎃ ⎄ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ේ) āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļš්‌ āļŊේāļļāļŊāļēෙ⎄ි āļ¸ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĢāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ ⎃āļ¸්āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ාāļēāļš්‌ āļ…āļ´ āļģāļ§ āļ­ු⎅ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€ීāļ¸ āļē. āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ ⎀ැāļąි "āļ…⎄ිං⎃āļš" āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļšෘ⎂ිāļģ⎃ාāļēāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļ¯ැāļąāļœැāļąීāļ¸ේ āļ…āļēිāļ­ිāļēāļš්‌ āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēාāļ§ āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි⎀ āļ¸ āļ­ිāļļේ.

āļ…āļąුāļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāļš්‍āļģිāļē ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļąි⎃ි āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļģා⎀ෙāļą් āļēොāļ¯ා āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļąි⎂්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļē ⎃ාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļēāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ිāļŊ āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­්āļ­āļšි. āļ¸ේ āļąි⎃ා ⎀්‍āļēාāļ´ාāļģිāļš āļ´්‍āļģāļĸා⎀ āļ…āļąුāļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāļš්‍āļģිāļē ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļ…āļŠු⎀ෙāļą් āļēොāļ¯ා, ⎃ාāļ´ේāļš්‌⎂⎀ āļ…āļŠු ⎀ිāļēāļ¯āļ¸āļšිāļą් ⎃āļ´āļēාāļœāļ­ āˇ„ැāļšි āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ ⎀ැāļąි āļ‹āļœ්‍āļģ ⎀ි⎂āļšාāļģāļš āˇ€ු⎀āļ¸āļąා⎀ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļąි⎂්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ¸ු⎃ු āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļ¯ āļēāļą āˇƒැāļšāļēāļš්‌ āļ‰āļšුāļ­් ⎃āļ¸āļēේ āļ¸āļ­ු ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļිāļĢි.

āļąි⎂්āļ´ාāļ¯āļšāļēāļą් ⎃āļš්‍āļģිāļē āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ⎀ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ¯ āļŊේāļļāļŊāļēෙ⎄ි āļ¸ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļąāļ¸් āļļāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් ⎃āļ­්‍āļēāļē āˇ€āˇƒāļą් āļšāˇ… āļ¯ āˇ€ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇƒාāļš්‌⎂ි āļ”āˇƒ්‌⎃ේ āļŊැāļļෙāļą āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģු ⎄ැāļŸāˇ€ීāļ¸් āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎀ිāļ¸āˇƒිāļŊිāļ¸āļ­් ⎀ීāļ¸ේ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļš්‌ āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœāļšāļēාāļ§ āļŊැāļļෙāļēි.

āļšෘ⎂ිāļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āˇ€ි⎂ āļœැāļą āļšāļ­ා āļšāļģāļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ⎀āļŊ āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸ āļ¯ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āļšāˇ… āļąො⎄ැāļšි āļē. ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ ⎄ා āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āļ¸ු⎃ු āļšāļģāļą āļ´්‍āļģāļˇāˇ€āļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ ⎄āļŗුāļąාāļœෙāļą āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ¸ේ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ§ි්‍āļģāļ´āļŊ් ⎃ුāļ´āļģ් āļ´ො⎃්‌āļ´ේāļ§්‌⎀āļŊ āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļŊෙ⎃ āļēුāļģේāļąිāļēāļ¸් āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ¯ āļ‰āļšුāļ­් ⎃āļ¸āļēේ āļšෙāļģුāļĢු āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļēāļąāļēāļšිāļą් āļ…āļąා⎀āļģāļĢāļē ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļිāļĢි. āļ…⎀ා⎃āļąා⎀āļšāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ…āļ´ āļģāļ§ේ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļąāļē āļšෘāļ¸ිāļąා⎁āļš āļąිāļēාāļ¸āļąāļē āļ­āļģāļ¸් ⎀āļ­් ⎀ිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ­් āļēාāļą්āļ­්‍āļģāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ€ූ⎀āļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ේ. āļ†āļąāļēāļąිāļ­ āļ´ො⎄ොāļģ āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂ා⎀āļ§ āļļāļŗුāļą් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ ⎃āļ­ුāļ§ුāļ¯ාāļēāļš āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āˇ€ේāļ¯āļēāļš්‌ āļ…āļ´ āļģāļ§ āļ­ු⎅ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą්āļąේ āļąැāļ­.

āļŊෝāļš āˇƒෞāļ›්‍āļē ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļ´ූāļģ්⎀ෝāļš්‌āļ­ āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා āļ­්‍āļģිāļ­්⎀āļēෙāļą් āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļą් ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀ āļąිāļšුāļ­් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ 2012 āļ´ෙāļļāļģ⎀ාāļģි 13 āļ¯ාāļ­āļ¸ිāļąි. ⎄āļŗුāļąා āļąො āļœāļ­් ⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœāļē ⎀ැ⎅āļŗි 496 āļ¯ෙāļąāļšු āļœෙāļą් āļŊāļļාāļœāļ­් āļ¸ුāļ­්‍āļģා ⎃ාāļ¸්āļ´āļŊ⎀āļŊිāļą් āļ¯āļŊ ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් ⎃ිāļēāļēāļ§ 88āļš āļ¸ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„/⎄ෝ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āļąිāļ¯āļą්āļœāļ­ āˇ€āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœ āļ…⎀āļ¯ාāļąāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģ⎀āļą āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸ිāļą් āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļļ⎀ āļ‘⎄ි ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀ේ. āļ‘āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ‹āļ­ුāļģුāļ¸ැāļ¯ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ේ ⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœීāļą් āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­ු⎅ු āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂ා⎀āļ§ āļļāļŗුāļą් āļšෙāļģුāļĢු āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļœෙāļą් ⎃ිāļēāļēāļ§ 90āļšāļ§ āļąොāļ…āļŠු āļ´ිāļģි⎃āļš āļœේ āļąිāļēāļ´ොāļ­ු ⎄ා ⎄ිāļšෙ⎃්‌⎀āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎃ං⎀āļģ්āļ°ිāļ­ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļœේ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļ¯ේ⎄ āļšොāļ§āˇƒ්‌⎀āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļ‰āļš්‌āļ¸āˇ€āļą āļļ⎀ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀ āļšිāļēāļēි.

⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀ේ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀āļą āļ­āˇ€āļ­් ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļąිāļģීāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļēāļš්‌ ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļģෝāļœීāļą් āļ´ා⎀ිāļ ්āļ ි āļšāˇ… āļĸāļŊ āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģ 98āļšිāļą් ⎃ිāļēāļēāļ§ 99āļš්‌ āļ¸ āļšි⎀ුāļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ„ෝ āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļšි⎀ුāļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļĸāļŊāļē ⎀ූ āļļ⎀ āļē. āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් ⎀ැāļąි āļļැāļģ āļŊෝ⎄ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් ⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœී āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊිāļē āļ­ු⎅ āļšි⎀ුāļŊ් āļĸāļŊāļē āļ¯ āļšි⎃ිāļēāļ¸් āļˇූāļ¸ිāļšා⎀āļš්‌ āļģāļŸāļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļąු āļŊැāļļීāļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļŠ āļ‡āļ­ැāļēි āļ‘⎄ි ⎀ැāļŠිāļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් āļ‰āļŸි āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļšෙ⎃ේ ⎀ෙāļ­āļ­් āļĸāļŊ ⎃ාāļ¸්āļ´āļŊ 118āļš්‌ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂ා āļšිāļģීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´āˇƒු (āļ¸ෙāļēිāļą් 99āļš්‌ āļģෝāļœීāļą් āļ´ාāļąāļēāļ§ āļœāļ­් āļĸāļŊāļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģ⎀āļŊිāļą් āļŊāļļාāļœැāļąුāļĢු āļ’⎀ා ⎀ිāļē) āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģුāļ¯ාāļēāļš āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ ⎄ෝ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸āļš්‌ āļ¯āļš්‌āļąāļ§ āļŊැāļļී āļąැāļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀ේ āļšිāļē⎀ෙāļēි.

āļ¸ේ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ¸ේ āļĸාāļ­ිāļš āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸ āˇ„āļ¸ු⎀ේ ⎀ි⎃¹āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļ­ිāļģි ⎀ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļ¸ āļœැāļ§āļŊු⎀āļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ ⎄āļŗුāļąාāļœāļ­ āˇ„ැāļš්‌āļšේ āļģෝāļœීāļą් āļ´āļģි⎄āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… āļĸāļŊāļēෙ⎄ි āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļąැāļ­ි āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ ⎄ා āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸āļš්‌ āļģෝāļœීāļą් āļœේ āļ¯ේ⎄āļēෙ⎄ි āļ´ෙāļą්āļąුāļ¸් āļšෙāļģෙāļą්āļąේ āļąāļ¸් āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļ¯ේ⎄āļœāļ­ āˇ€ූāļēේ āļšāˇ€āļģ āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģāļēāļšිāļą් āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇƒොāļēා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļē.

āļ‰āļšුāļ­් ⎃āļ¸āļēේ āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸ුāļą් āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸්āļˇා⎀āļąා⎀āļ§āļ­් āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļ´ිāļģි⎃āļš්‌ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ…⎀āļĨ⎀āļ§āļ­් āļļāļŗුāļą් ⎀ූ āļšැāļŊāļĢිāļē ⎀ි⎁්⎀⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ…āļąුāļļāļ¯්āļ°ිāļ­ āˇƒ්‌⎀ාāļ°ීāļą āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ¯ැāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­් āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢෙāļą āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģāļē āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂āļĢාāļ­්āļ¸āļšāˇ€ āļ”āļ´්āļ´ු āļšāļģ āļ´ෙāļą්⎀ා āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļŊා ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් āļąො āļšāˇ… ⎄ොāļ­් āļ…āļŠු⎀āļšි. āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļ´ෙāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ුāļą්āļąේ āļĸāļŊāļēෙ⎄ි āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸āļšිāļą් āļ´ෙāļą්āļąුāļ¸් āļąො āļšෙāļģෙāļą්āļąේ āļ‘āļē ⎄āļŗුāļąා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ…āļąුāļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āˇ€ේāļ¯āļēේ āļ…āļŠුāļ´ාāļŠු⎀āļš්‌ ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀ෙāļą් āļ¸ි⎃ ⎃āļ­්‍āļē ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļĸāļŊāļēේ āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ…āļŠු⎀ෙāļą් āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļąි⎃ා āļąො ⎀āļą āļļ⎀āļēි. āļ”⎀ුāļą් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ¸ āˇ„āļŗුāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ෙāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āļģීāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āˇ€ේāļ¯āļēāļšිāļą් āļ¸ේ ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§āļ­් āļĸāļŊāļēෙ⎄ි āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸්⎀āļŊිāļą් āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ී āļ­ිāļļේ.

āļ¸ීāļ§ āˇ€āˇƒāļģāļšāļ§ āļ‰āˇ„āļ­ āļ¯ී āļ´ැ⎀ැāļ­ි āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ…āļąු⎀, āļ´āˇƒුāļšාāļŊීāļąāˇ€ āļąිāļšුāļ­් ⎀āļą āļŊෝāļš āˇƒෞāļ›්‍āļē ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļąāļē ⎄ා āļ…āļ­්⎀ැāļŊ් āļļැāļŗāļœāļ­් ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀āļš āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āļģāļĸāļģāļ§ āˇ€āļšුāļœāļŠු āļģෝāļœāļēේ ⎃ැāļšāļšāļģු⎀āļą් āļŊෙ⎃ āļąāļ¸් āļšෙāļģෙāļąු āļ‡āļ­ැāļēි āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļ…āļē ⎃ිāļ­āļą්āļąāļ§ āļąැāļ­. āļ¸ේ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļšāˇ€ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āˇ… āļšāˇ… āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් ⎃්‌⎀ාāļ°ීāļą āļ´āļģ්āļēේ⎂āļšāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ‘āļ¯ා ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸāļēේ ⎀āļŊංāļœුāļˇා⎀āļēāļš්‌ āļŊැāļļුāļĢේ āļąැāļ­. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ¯ෛ⎀āļēේ ⎃āļģāļ¯āļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ…āļ¯ āļ¸ේ āļ´āļģ්āļēේ⎂āļĢ⎀āļŊ ⎀āļ§ිāļąාāļšāļ¸ āļļැ⎄ැāļģ āļšāˇ… āļąො⎄ැāļšි āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‰āˇƒ්‌āļ¸āļ­ු ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ­ිāļļේ.

āļ’ āļšොāļēි ⎄ැāļ§ි ⎀ෙāļ­āļ­් āļ¸ේ ⎃ැāļ¸ āļ‹āļ­්⎃ා⎄āļēāļš්‌ āļ¸ āļ¯āļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą්āļąේ, āļšුāļģිāļģු āļŊෙ⎃, āļĸී⎀āļ­් ⎀ීāļ¸ේ ⎀āļģāļ¸ āļ…⎄ිāļ¸ි āļšāļģāļąු āļŊැāļļ āļ…āļą්āļ­ āļ…āˇƒāļģāļĢāļˇා⎀āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­් ⎀ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļą āļ…āļ´ේ āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ෝāļ¯āļģ āļĸāļą āļšොāļ§āˇƒāļš āļœේ ⎃ුāļļ⎃ිāļ¯්āļ°ිāļē ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļąි. āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸ුāļĢ āļ´ෙāļģāļ¯ැāļģි⎀ āļ…āļ´ āˇƒිāļēāļŊු āļ¯ෙāļąා āļ¸ āļšුāļŊāļŊ් āļšා āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļšිāļą් āļ­ොāļģ ⎀ āļ¸ේ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­්āļ­ෙ⎄ි āļŊා āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු ⎀ෙāļ¸ු. āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļą් āļąො āļ´āļ¸ා ⎀ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļ§ āļąැං⎀ීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා ⎀āļœāļšි⎀āļēුāļ­්āļ­āļą්āļ§ āļļāļŊ āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු ⎀ෙāļ¸ු.
āļģු⎄ුāļĢ āˇ€ි⎁්⎀⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļŊāļēāļēේ ⎃āļ­්āļ­්⎀ ⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēා āļ…ං⎁āļēේ
āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āˇ€ි⎂⎀ේāļ¯āļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļĸ්‍āļēෙ⎂්āļ¨ āļšāļŽිāļšාāļ ාāļģ්āļē
āļ†āļ ාāļģ්āļē āļ´ී. āļ¸ංāļœāļŊ ⎃ී. āļ‘āˇƒ්‌. āļ¯ āˇƒිāļŊ්⎀ා
⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąāļ¸්....   
⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා⎀ේ ⎀ි⎀ිāļ° āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊ āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ි ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸් āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¯ිāļąāļ´āļ­ා āļ¸ āļ´ා⎄ේ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē āļ”āˇƒ්‌⎃ේ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ේ. āļ’ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ´āˇƒුāļœිāļē āļ¸ා⎃ ⎄āļ­āļģāļš āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļšාāļŊāļē āļ­ු⎅ āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ ⎀ිāļē⎅ි āļšāļŊාāļ´āļēේ ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි ⎀ි⎁ාāļŊ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœො⎃්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀āļš්‌ āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļ†āļ´āļ¯ා āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢ āļ¸āļ°්‍āļē⎃්‌āļŽාāļąāļēේ āļ´්‍āļģāļšා⎁āļšāļēāļšුāļ§ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ¸ේ āļ¸āˇƒ āļ¸ුāļŊ ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ¸ා⎃ ⎄āļ­āļģāļš්‌ āļ­ු⎅ ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි 100āļš්‌ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ‰āļą් ⎀ිāļąා⎁āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­් ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎄ෙāļš්‌āļ§āļēාāļģ 4000āļš්‌ (āļ…āļš්‌āļšāļģ 10,000āļš්‌) āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļļ⎀ āļ´ැāˇ€āˇƒේ. āļ¸ේ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎃ාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļē āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠා āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸ු ⎀āļœු⎀ ⎀ිāļ¸āˇƒීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´ෙāļąේ. (āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් ⎀āļœු⎀ේ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀āļą්āļąේ ⎀āļą āˇƒංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļ­āļ¸ේāļą්āļ­ු⎀āļ§ āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļš්‌ āļļ⎀ ⎃ැāļŊāļšිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļē). āļŠāļ§ āˇ„ේāļ­ු⎀āļš්‌ ⎀ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ¸ේ ⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļ´āˇ€āļ­්āļąා āļ¯ැāļŠි āļąිāļēāļŸāļēāļēි.

āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļœිāļąි āļ­āļļා āļ‡āļ­ි āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් ⎃්‌āļŽාāļą āļĸාāļ­ිāļš āˇ€āļąෝāļ¯්‍āļēාāļą, āļ…āļˇāļē āļˇූāļ¸ි ⎄ෝ āļģāļš්‌⎂ිāļ­ āˇ€āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ ⎀ැāļąි āļ†āļģāļš්‌⎂ිāļ­ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁ ⎀ේ. āļ‰āļą් ⎀ි⎁ාāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļœිāļą්āļą āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ූāļēේ āļ‰āļ¯āļŊ්āļœāˇƒ්‌⎄ිāļą්āļą-āļ”⎄ිāļē-āļ´āļ§්‌āļ§ිāļ´ොāļŊ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēේ ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģāļēāļš āļē. āļ‰āļą් ⎄ාāļąි ⎀ූ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎄ෙāļš්‌āļ§āļēාāļģ 600āļš්‌ āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļē. āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ¸ āļ…āļœෝ⎃්‌āļ­ු āļ¸ා⎃āļēේ āļ¸ āˇƒෝāļ¸ා⎀āļ­ී āļĸාāļ­ිāļš āˇ€āļąෝāļ¯්‍āļēාāļąāļēේ āļœිāļąි āļ¯ෙāļšāļš්‌ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ිāļē. ⎃්‌⎀ාāļˇා⎀ිāļš āˇ€āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āļœා āļ¯ āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļœිāļą්āļąෙāļą් ⎄ාāļąිāļēāļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ ⎀ූ ⎃්‌āļŽාāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎀ේ.

⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļ¸ේ āļšාāļŊāļēේ āļģāļ§ේ ⎀ිāļē⎅ි ⎄ා āļ…āļ­āļģāļ¸ැāļ¯ි āļšāļŊාāļ´āļēේ ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸් āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēැāļ¸ āļ´ුāļ¯ුāļ¸āļēāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ේ. āļĸූāļąි-⎃ැāļ´්āļ­ැāļ¸්āļļāļģ් āļ¯āļš්‌⎀ා āļšාāļŊāļē āļ¸ේ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ිāļē⎅ි āļšාāļŊāļēāļšි. āļ¸ේ āļšාāļŊāļēේ āļ¯ී āļ­ෙāļ­් āļšāļŊාāļ´āļēāļ§ āˇ€ැ⎃ි āļŊැāļļෙāļ­āļ­් ⎀ිāļē⎅ි āļšāļŊාāļ´āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļģ්⎂ා⎀āļš්‌ āļąො āļŊැāļļේ. āļ‘⎄ි ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ ⎄ා āļ´āļ­āļą් āļļිāļ¸් āļ†āˇ්‍āļģිāļ­āˇ€ āļ¯ැāļšිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļ­ෘāļĢ āˇ„ා ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් āļ´āļŗුāļģුāļ¸āļē ⎁ාāļš āļ¸ේ āļšාāļŊāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļļෙ⎄ෙ⎀ිāļą් ⎀ිāļē⎅ී āļœො⎃්‌ āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ¸ේ āļąි⎃ා ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි ⎀ේāļœāļēෙāļą් āļ´ැāļ­ිāļģ āļēāļēි. ⎀ිāļē⎅ි ⎃ු⎅ං, āļœිāļąි āļ¸āļœිāļą් ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą āˇ„ාāļąිāļē āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēැāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ¯ āļļāļŊāļ´ාāļēි. āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļœිāļąි ⎀ැāļŠි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļŒāˇ€ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ āˇ„ා āļ¸āļ°්‍āļēāļ¸ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ේ āļąැāļŸෙāļąāˇ„ිāļģ āļļෑ⎀ුāļ¸ේ āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊිāļąි. āļąāļšāļŊ්⎃්‌ ⎄ෙ⎀āļ­් āļ¯ුāļ¸්āļļāļģ ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģāļē, āļąāļ¸ුāļĢුāļšුāļŊ ⎄ා āļŒāˇ€ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ේ āļšāļŗු āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁ ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ‰āļ­ා āļ´්‍āļģāļšāļ§ āˇƒ්‌āļŽාāļą āˇ€ේ. (āļ­ෙāļ­් āļšāļŊාāļ´āļēේ ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸් āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāļą්āļąේ āļ‘⎄ි ⎀ිāļē⎅ිāļ­āļ¸ āļšාāļŊāļē ⎀āļą āļ´ෙāļļāļģ⎀ාāļģි-āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ­ු āļšාāļŊāļēේ āļ¯ී āļē.)

⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļšෙ⎃ේ āļ¯?

āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ ⎃්‌⎀ාāļˇා⎀ිāļšāˇ€ āļœිāļąි āļąො āļœāļą්āļąා āļļ⎀ āļ¸ේ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āˇ€ි⎁ේ⎂āļĨ āļ¸āļ­āļēāļēි. āļ‘āˇƒේ āļąāļ¸් ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļēāļ¸් āļšි⎃ි⎀āļšු ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļąු āļŊැāļļිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļē. āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļœිāļąි āļ­āļļāļą්āļąේ ⎄ේāļ­ු āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļš්‌ āļąි⎃ා āļē. ⎃āļ­ුāļą් āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ¸් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļœāˇ€āļēāļą්āļ§ āļ…āļŊුāļ­් āļ­ෘāļĢ āļŊāļļාāļœැāļąීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා ⎀ු⎀āļ¸āļąා⎀ෙāļą් ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸ āļ¯ැāļšිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. ⎄ේāļą් ⎄ා ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් ⎀āļœා āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා ⎀āļą āļļිāļ¸් āļ‘⎅ි āļšāļģ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļą āļœිāļąිāļ­ැāļļීāļ¸් āļ´ැāļ­ිāļģී āļēැāļ¸ āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āļœිāļąි ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා ⎄ේāļ­ු ⎀ේ. ⎀ිāļąෝāļ¯āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸ āļ¯ āļ¸ීāļ§ āļļāļŊāļ´ාāļēි. āļ¯ැāļŊ්⎀ෙāļą āˇƒිāļœāļģැāļ§්‌ āļšොāļ§ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­ āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļœෙ⎀āļ­ු⎀āļŊ āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļąි āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļąි⎃ා āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āļœිāļąි āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē.

⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀āļŊ āļļො⎄ෝ ⎀ිāļ§ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀āļą්āļąේ ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģāļēāļš්‌ āļœිāļąි āļ‡āˇ€ි⎅ී āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀āļ­්, āļ’⎀ා āļąි⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļœāļ­් āļ‹āļ­්⎃ා⎄āļēāļ­්, āļ‰āļą් āļšෙāļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļš්‌ ⎀ිāļąා⎁ ⎀ූāļēේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļąāļ­් āļē. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļģාāļĸ්‍āļē āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āļšෙāļ­āļģāļ¸් āļšාāļģ්āļēāļš්‌⎂්āļ¸ āˇ€ී āļ¯ āˇ„ා ⎃ේ⎀āļš āļ´ිāļģි⎃්‌ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢ⎀āļ­් ⎀ී āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇ€ැāļąි āļšāļģුāļĢු āļ¯ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀ේ. āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ාāļšāļģāļĢāļēේ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ‘āļš්‌ āļ…ංāļœāļēāļš්‌ ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļ…⎀ු⎃්‌⎃āļąāˇƒුāļŊු āļ´ු⎀āļ­් āļē. āļ¸ේ āļąි⎃ා ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ‰āˇ„⎅ිāļą් ⎄ු⎀ා āļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļą āļ´ු⎀āļ­් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸ේ⎀ා āļœිāļąි āļ‡āˇ€ි⎅ී āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļšෙ⎃ේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇ„ා āļ’⎀ා āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāˇ…ේ āļšāˇ€ුāļģුāļą් āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļœැāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀ූāļēේ āļ‰āļ­ා āļ…āļŠු⎀ෙāļąි.

⎀āļą āļœිāļąි ⎀ැāļŠි ⎀ීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´ෙāļąෙāļą්āļąේ ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි ⎀ැ⎅ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸ේ ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­්āļšāļ¸ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎃ාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļē āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢ⎀āļ­් āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸්⎀āļ­් ⎀ී āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļē. ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸ේ āļ…⎄ිāļ­āļšāļģ āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĩāļŊ āļļො⎄ෝ āļ¯ෙāļąා āļ¯āļą්āļąා āļšāļģුāļĢු āļē. āļ¯ිāļē āļ‹āļŊ්āļ´āļ­් ⎃ිāļŗීāļēැāļ¸, āļĸෛ⎀⎀ි⎀ිāļ°āļ­්⎀āļē ⎄ාāļēāļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸, āļąාāļē āļēැāļ¸් āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ීāļ¸ේ āļ‰āļŠ āˇ€ැāļŠි ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ‰āļą් āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļš්‌ āļ´āļ¸āļĢි. āļ¸ේ āļļ⎀ āļ¯ැāļą āļ¯ැāļąāļ­් ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ ⎀ිāļąා⎁ āļšāļģāļą්āļąāļą් āļ…āļ´ේ ⎃āļ¸ාāļĸāļēේ ⎃ිāļ§ීāļ¸ āļšāļĢāļœාāļ§ු⎀āļ§ āļšāļģුāļĢāļš්‌ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ේ. āļ¯āˇāļš āˇ„āļ­āļģāļš āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ āļ…āļ°්‍āļēාāļ´āļąāļēේ āļ…āˇƒාāļģ්āļŽāļšāļ­්⎀āļē āļ¸ිāļą් āļē⎅ිāļ­් āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļšෙ⎃ේ ⎀ු⎀āļ­් āļšුāļ¸āļą āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļš āˇ€ු⎀āļ­් āļ…āļ´āļģාāļ°āļšāļģු⎀āļą් āļ…āļ­āˇ…ො⎃්‌⎃āļš්‌ ⎄ෝ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļą āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļ’⎀ා āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļąීāļ­ිāļē āļ…āļšුāļģāļ§ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļąීāļ­ිāļē āļ¯ැāļŠි āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē ⎀ේ.

⎀āļą āļœිāļąි ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļąීāļ­ිāļē āļ…āļąු⎀ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļ¯āļŦු⎀āļ¸් āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļē. 2009 āļ…ංāļš 65 āļ¯āļģāļą āˇƒං⎁ෝāļ°ිāļ­ āˇ€āļą āļ†āļĨා āļ´āļąāļ­ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļœිāļąි āļ­āļļāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āˇ€āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ ⎀āļģ්āļœāļē āļ…āļąු⎀ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļ¯āļŦු⎀āļ¸ āˇ€ෙāļąāˇƒ්‌ ⎀ේ. āļ‘āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯ෙāļšāļ­් ⎄āļ­āļ­් āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃ිāļģ āļ¯āļŦු⎀āļ¸āļš්‌ ⎄ා āļģු. 5,000āļ­් 200,000āļ­් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¯āļŠāļēāļš්‌ ⎄ෝ āļ¸ේ āļ¯ෙāļš āļ¸ āˇ€ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ¸ āļ¸ීāļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ⎀ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ„ාāļąිāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠා āļ…āļ°ිāļš āˇ€ූ ⎀āļą්āļ¯ිāļēāļš්‌ āļœෙ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¯ āļąිāļēāļ¸ āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļē.

āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­āļļāļą්āļąāˇ€ුāļą්āļ§ āļ‘āļģෙ⎄ි ⎀ āļąීāļ­ිāļē āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļēāļ¸් āļœැāļ§āļŊු⎀āļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļ’ āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļšොāļ§ු āļšāļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ේ āļ…āļ´āˇ„āˇƒු⎀āļēි. āļ…āļ´ āļ¯ුāļ§ු āļ´ු⎀āļ­් ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා āļšි⎃ි⎀āļš āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļ…āļ´āļģාāļ°āļšāļģු⎀āļą් āļ…āļŊ්āļŊා āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšි ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļš්‌ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් āļąො ⎀ී āļē. āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļ…āļ´āļģාāļ°āļšāļģු⎀āļą් āļļො⎄ෝ ⎀ිāļ§ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēේ āļ¸ āļ´āļ¯ිංāļ ිāļšāļģු⎀āļą් ⎀ීāļ¸āļ­් āļ¸ේ ⎀ිāļąා⎁āļšාāļģී āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊිāļēේ āļšෙāļ§ිāļšාāļŊීāļą āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļŊාāļˇ āļēāļ¸් āļ´ිāļģි⎃āļšāļ§ āļŊැāļļීāļ¸āļ­් āļąි⎃ා āļ­ොāļģāļ­ුāļģු ⎃āļ´āļēාāļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļ…āļ´āˇ„āˇƒු ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļ¸ේ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļąීāļ­ිāļē āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēේ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļœේ āˇƒāˇ„āļēෝāļœāļē āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļļ⎀ āļąු⎀āļģāļ‘⎅ිāļē āļ¯ි⎃්‌āļ­්‍āļģිāļš්‌ āļŊේāļšāļ¸්⎀āļģāļēා āļ´ු⎀āļ­්āļ´āļ­āļšāļ§ āļšāļģ āļ­ිāļļූ āļ´්‍āļģāļšා⎁āļšිāļą් āļ¯ āļ´ෙāļąේ.

āļĸුāļąි āļ¸ා⎃āļēේ āļ¯ී ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ූ āļ´āļģිāļ¯ි ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­āļļāļą āļ´ුāļ¯්āļœāļŊāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ‘āļģෙ⎄ි ⎀ āļąීāļ­ිāļē āļ­āļ¯ිāļą් āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą්āļąāļ§ āļģāļĸāļē āļ­ීāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ­ිāļļේ. āļĸāļąාāļ°ිāļ´āļ­ි⎀āļģāļēා āļ¸ේ āļ¯āļŦු⎀āļ¸් āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļąැං⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´ිāļē⎀āļģ āļœāļą්āļąා āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸් āļ¯ී āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ිāļē. āļ’ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļēං⎁ āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļš්‌ āļąිāļēෝāļĸāļąāļē ⎀āļą āļšāļ¸ිāļ§ු⎀āļš්‌ āļ´āļ­් āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀ ⎄ා āļ¸ා⎃ ⎄āļēāļš āļšාāļŊāļēāļš්‌ āļ­ු⎅ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļšාāļģී ⎃ැāļŊැ⎃්‌āļ¸āļš්‌ ⎃āļšāˇƒ්‌ āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´ේāļš්‌⎂ා āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් ⎀ිāļē. āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļąීāļ­ි⎀āļŊ āļēāļ¸් ⎃ං⎁ෝāļ°āļąāļēāļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļąāļ¸් āļ‘āļē āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ…āļ´āļģාāļ°āˇ€āļŊිāļą් āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļˆāļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ේāļ­ු ⎀āļą āļ†āļšාāļģāļēේ āļ‘āļšāļš්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļē.

āļœිāļąි ⎀ැ⎅ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸්āļ´āļ­් āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢ⎀āļ­් āļ¯?

āļ¸ේ āļ†āļšාāļģāļēෙāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āˇ€āļą āļœිāļąි ⎀ැ⎅ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļ­āļģāļ¸් ⎃āļ¸්āļ´āļ­් ⎄ා āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ´ාāļ¯āļą āļ­ිāļļේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļ…āļ´ āˇ€ිāļ¸āˇƒා āļļැāļŊිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļ´ැāļąāļēāļēි. āļ¸ේ āļœිāļąි āļąි⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļļො⎄ෝ ⎀ිāļ§ āļ¸ැāļ¯ි⎄āļ­් ⎀ූāļēේ ⎀āļą āˇƒංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļ­āļ¸ේāļą්āļ­ු⎀ේ, ⎀āļąāļĸී⎀ී ⎃ංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļ­āļ¸ේāļą්āļ­ු⎀ේ ⎄ා āļ†āļģāļš්‌⎂āļš āļ…ං⎁⎀āļŊ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āļē. āļ†āļ´āļ¯ා āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢ āļ¸āļ°්‍āļē⎃්‌āļŽාāļąāļē āļ¯ āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂ ⎀āļœāļšීāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ¯āļģāļēි. āļ¸ේ āļ…āļ­āļģිāļą් āļ†āļģāļš්‌⎂āļš āļ…ං⎁ ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļš āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļšāļģāļą āˇ්‍āļģāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸්āļ´āļ­ āļ”⎀ුāļą් ⎃āļ­ු āļąි⎃ා āļē. āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļēāļ¸් āļ´ු⎄ුāļĢු⎀āļš්‌ āļ¯ āļŊāļļා āļ­ිāļļිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļœිāļąි āļąි⎀ීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļŊ āļœු⎀āļą් ⎄āļ¸ුāļ¯ා ⎄ෙāļŊිāļšොāļ´්āļ§āļģ් āļ¯ āļēොāļ¯ාāļœෙāļą āļ­ිāļļිāļĢි. āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļŊ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀ා⎃ීāļą් āļ¯ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ා ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් āˇƒāˇ€ෙāļ ්āļĄා ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļą āˇƒාāļ¸ාāļĸිāļšāļēāļą් āļ¯ āļŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ාāļē āļ¯ීāļ‡āļ­. āļ¸ේ āļąි⎃ා āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ූ ⎀ිāļąා⎁āļē āļ­āļģāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎄ෝ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āļšāļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšි ⎀ූ āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ.

āļ…āļąෙāļš්‌ āļ…āļ­āļ§ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļ‹āļ´āļšāļģāļĢ āˇ„ා āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් āļģāļĸāļēේ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් ⎀ෙāļ­ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ීāļ¸ āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļē. āļ´āˇƒුāļœිāļē āļ¯ා ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ූ āļ´ු⎀āļ­āļšāļ§ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļœිāļąි āļąි⎀ීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļģāļŽ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊāļ§ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ීāļ¸āļ§ āļąිāļēāļ¸ිāļ­ āˇ€ේ. āļ¸ේ ⎀āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļļො⎄ෝ ⎀ිāļ§ āļ¸ාāļģ්āļœāˇ€āļŊිāļą් āļēුāļš්‌āļ­ āļąො ⎀āļą āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļŠāļ§ āļœිāļąි āļąි⎀āļą āļģāļŽ āļēා ⎄ැāļš්‌āļšේ āļ¯ āˇƒීāļ¸ා āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­āˇ€ āļē. āļ…āļąෙāļš්‌ āļ…āļ­āļ§ āˇ„ෙāļŊිāļšොāļ´්āļ§āļģ් āļēොāļ¯ාāļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļēෝāļœ්‍āļē ⎀ු⎀āļ­් āļ¯ැāļŠි ⎃ු⎅ං āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļŊ āļ¯ී āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļšාāļŊāļœුāļĢ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļ‘āļē āļ…āˇƒාāļģ්āļŽāļš āˇ€ූ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ…āļąෙāļš්‌ āļ…āļ­āļ§ āļœිāļąි āļąි⎀ීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļąි⎂්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄ෙāļŊිāļšොāļ´්āļ§āļģ් āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­. āļ¸ේ āļąි⎃ා ⎀āļŠාāļ­් ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸ාāļąāˇ€ ⎁්‍āļģāļ¸āļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎃ැāļŊāļšිāļŊිāļ¸āļ­් ⎀ීāļ¸ āļē.

āļ…āļ´ේ ⎃ූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢ⎀āļ­් āļ¯?

⎀āļą āļœිāļąි ⎀ැ⎅ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා ⎀ූ ⎃ූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸ āļšෙāļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢ⎀āļ­් āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļąāļ¸් āļœැāļ§āļŊු⎀āļšි. āļ¸ේ ⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļąිāļēං āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļšāļŊāļš āļ´āļ§āļą් āļ¯ැāļą āˇƒිāļ§ිāļēෙāļ¸ු. (āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļēෙāļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļļāļŊ ⎄ා āļšෘ⎂ිāļšāļģ්āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් ⎄ෝ āļ’ āļļ⎀ āļ¯ැāļą āˇƒිāļ§ි āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ). āļąිāļēāļŸāļē āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§āļ§ āļ…āļŊුāļ­් āļ¯ෙāļēāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ේ. ⎃ාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļēāļēෙāļą් ⎀āļģ්⎂ 3-4āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļģāļš්‌ āļ¯ැāļŠි āļąිāļēං āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ„āļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇ€āļģāļš්‌ āļ‰āļ­ා āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āˇ… āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēේ āļąිāļēāļŸ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ේ. āļ‘āˇƒේ āļąāļ¸් ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ­āļļāļą්āļąāļą්āļ§ āļ¸ේ āļšāļ¯ිāļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļļāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą්āļ§ āļšāļŊිāļą් āļ¸ āļ¯ැāļąāļœෙāļą āļ´ෙāļģ ⎃ූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšි āļē. āļ¸ෙāļē āļ…āļ­්‍āļē⎀⎁්‍āļē āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­්āļ­āļšි.

āļœිāļąි āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊ ⎀ිāļē⎅ි āļšාāļŊāļœුāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ූ ⎀ිāļ§ āļœිāļąි āļ´āļ§ි āļšැāļ´ීāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļąි āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļšāļŊිāļą් āļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸ේ ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļąිāļ¯āˇƒුāļąāļšි. āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊ āļ¸ෙāļē ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļą āļąāļ¸ුāļ­් ⎃ැāļ¸ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļš āļ¸ āļ‘⎀ැāļą්āļąāļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀ āļąො āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි ⎀āļšāˇ€ාāļąු⎀āļŊ ⎀āļąāļĸී⎀ී ⎃ංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļ­āļ¸ේāļą්āļ­ු⎀ āļ¯ිāļēāļ­් āļšāˇ… āļ‘āļš්‌ āļ‹āļ´āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āļēāļš්‌ ⎀ූāļēේ ⎃්‌⎀ේāļ ්āļĄා āļœිāļąි āļąී⎀ීāļ¸් ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ­āļģුāļĢ āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸් āļēොāļ¯ා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļē. ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļœිāļąි āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි ⎄ෝāļģ්āļ§āļą්āļ­ැāļą්āļą āˇ„ෙ⎀āļ­් āļ¸āˇ„āļ‘⎅ිāļē ⎀ැāļąි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊ ⎄āļŗුāļąාāļœāļ­් āļšාāļŊ⎀āļšāˇ€ාāļąු⎀āļŊ āļ¯ී āļ‘āļē ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšෙāļģිāļĢි. āļ¸ේ āļŊිāļēුāļ¸්āļšāļģු āļ¯ 1990 āļ¯āˇāļšāļē āļ…āļœāļˇාāļœāļēේ āļ¯ී āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸āļšāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€ී āļŊāļ¯ āļ…āļ­්āļ¯ැāļšීāļ¸් āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ´ැāˇ€āˇƒිāļē ⎄ැāļš්‌āļšේ āļ‘āļē āļœිāļąි ⎀ැ⎅ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ිāļ­āļšාāļ¸ී āļąො ⎀āļą āˇ€ෙāļąāļ­් āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ¯ āļ´්‍āļģāļēෝāļĸāļąāˇ€āļ­් ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļē. āļšෙ⎃ේ ⎀ෙāļ­āļ­් āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ´ිāļģි⎃්‌ ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļšි⎃ිāļēāļ¸් āļ´ු⎄ුāļĢු⎀āļš්‌ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ීāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀ේ.

āļ‰āˇ„āļ­ āļ¯ී ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāˇ… āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļ§, āļ¸ේ ⎃ිāļēāļŊ්āļŊāļ§ āļ¸ āˇ€āļŠා āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēී ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļœිāļąි āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļļāļŊāļ´ාāļą āˇ„ේāļ­ු āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļēි. āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļš āļ¯ී āļģාāļĸ්‍āļē āļąො ⎀āļą āˇƒං⎀ිāļ°ාāļą āˇ„ා āļ´්‍āļģāļĸා ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļą āļ´ාāļ¯āļš āļšāļģāļœෙāļą āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļšාāļģ්āļēāļē ⎃ු⎀ි⎁ාāļŊ āļē. āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļą āļ¸āļœිāļą් ⎀්‍āļēාāļ´ෘāļ­ි āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļš්‌ āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€ී āļ‡āļ­āļ­්, ⎀්‍āļēාāļ´ෘāļ­ි āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļą් ⎀ූ āļ´āˇƒු āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāļŊ් āļ´āˇ€āļ­්āļąා āļ†āļšāļŊ්āļ´āļ¸āļē ⎀ෙāļąāˇƒāļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļේ āļ¯ැāļēි ⎀ිāļ¸āˇƒීāļ¸āļš්‌ āļšāļģ āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­. āļ‘⎀ැāļąි ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą් āļ†āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļēāļ§ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ෙāļą් ⎀ාāļģ්⎂ිāļšāˇ€ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļšාāļŊ ⎀āļšāˇ€ාāļąු⎀āļŊ āļēāļ¸් āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸්⎀āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļš්‌ āļ¯ිāļēāļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ…āļ­්‍āļē⎀⎁්‍āļē ⎀ේ. āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļ…āļ´āļģාāļ°āļēāļš්‌ ⎀āļą āˇ€āļąාāļą්āļ­āļģ āļœිāļąි āļ­ැāļļීāļ¸් ⎀⎅āļš්‌⎀ාāļŊීāļ¸ āļģāļĸāļēේ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą්āļ§ āļ­āļąි ⎀ āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļąො ⎀ේ. āļŠāļ§ āļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē⎀āļŊ ⎄ා āļ´්‍āļģāļĸා⎀ āļœේ āˇƒāˇ„āļēෝāļœāļē āļ…āļ­්‍āļē⎀⎁්‍āļē āļē. āļ¸ේ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ‡āļ­ි āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´ āˇƒැ⎀ොāļ¸ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļē.

⎃්‌āļ­ුāļ­ිāļē( ⎀āļą āļœිāļąි āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āˇƒංāļ›්‍āļēාāļŊේāļ›āļą āļŊāļļා āļ¯ුāļą් ⎀āļą āˇƒංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļĢ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļ­āļ¸ේāļą්āļ­ු⎀ේ āļĸ්‍āļēෙ⎂්āļ¨ āļąිāļēෝāļĸ්‍āļē ⎀āļą āˇƒංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļš āļ†āļģ්. āļ‘āˇƒ්‌. āļšුāļŊāļ­ුංāļœ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ාāļ§
āļ°āļąේ⎂් ⎀ි⎃ුāļ¸්āļ´ෙāļģුāļ¸

āļąැ⎀ේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļšාāļą්āļ¯ු⎀ෙāļą්
⎀ෙāļģ⎅āļ§ āˇ„ාāļąි ⎀ීāļ¸ේ āļ…⎀āļ¯ාāļąāļ¸ āļ…āļŠුāļēි 

2012 āļ…āļœෝ⎃්‌āļ­ු 24
āļ…āļ¸āļŊ් āļ‹āļŠāˇ€āļ­්āļ­ 

āļ…āļœෝ⎃්‌āļ­ු 23 ⎀āļą āļ¯ිāļą āˇƒිāļ§ āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ුāļļāļ­් ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą, āļ…āļ°ිāļšāļģāļĢ āļąිāļēෝāļœāļēāļš්‌ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´ාāļąāļ¯ුāļģ āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ේ āļąැංāļœුāļģāļ¸් āļŊා āļ­ිāļļූ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļ¸ෙāļ§ි්‍āļģāļš්‌ āļ§ොāļą් 70āļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ€ෙ⎅ෙāļŗ āļąෞāļšා⎀āļš āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් ⎃ාāļœāļģāļēāļ§ āļ¸ු⎃ු ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ¯ිāļē⎀ැāļŊ් āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļšාāļģිāļ­්⎀āļē ⎄ේāļ­ුāļšොāļ§āļœෙāļą āļ¸ේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් ⎀ි⎃ිāļģී āļēැāļ¸ේ ⎀ැāļŠි āļąැāļšුāļģු⎀āļš්‌ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą්āļąේ ⎀ෙāļģ⎅ āļ¯ෙ⎃āļ§ āļąො ⎀ āļ‹āļ­ුāļģු āļ¯ෙ⎃āļ§ āļ‡āļ­ි āļœැāļšුāļģු āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯āļ§ āļļ⎀ āļ¸ේ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ු⎃āļģ āļ…āļ¯ āļ´āˇƒ්‌⎀āļģු⎀ේ āļšāˇ… ⎀ිāļ¸āˇƒීāļ¸āļš āļ¯ී ⎃āļ¸ුāļ¯්‍āļģ āļ¯ූ⎂āļĢ āļ…āļ°ිāļšාāļģිāļēේ āˇƒāˇ„āļšාāļģ āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģ (āļ¸ෙ⎄ෙāļēුāļ¸්) āļĸāļœāļ­් āļœුāļĢ⎃ේāļšāļģ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ා āļ´ැāˇ€āˇƒී āļē. āļ’ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ා āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ූ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ්‌ āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ ⎃āļ¸්āļ´ිāļĢ්‌āļŠāļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļ¸ු.

āļ¸ේ āļąැ⎀ āļąැංāļœුāļģāļ¸් āļŊා āļ­ිāļļෙāļą්āļąේ ⎀ෙāļģ⎅ෙāļą් āļļො⎄ෝ āļˆāļ­ āļœැāļšුāļģු āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ේ ⎃්‌āļŽාāļąāļēāļšāļēි. āļ¸ේ ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§āļ­් āļ§ිāļšෙāļą් āļ§ිāļš āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļšාāļą්āļ¯ු ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸ āļąැ⎀āļ­් āļ§ිāļšෙāļą් āļ§ිāļš āļœිāļŊෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļąāˇ€ා. āļ‘āļ¸ āļāļą āļ­ෙāļŊ් ⎀ෙāļģ⎅ āļšāļģා āļœāļŊා⎀ිāļ­් ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą āˇ„ාāļąිāļē āļ…āļ¸āˇ€ āļšāļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļąැ⎀ ⎀āļ§ා āļĸāļŊāļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ´ා ⎀āļą āļ†āļģāļš්‌⎂ිāļ­ āˇ€ැāļ§āļš්‌ āļ‘⎅ා āļ­ිāļļෙāļąāˇ€ා. āļ¸ේ āļ¯ිāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸ු⎄āļ¯ේ āļ¯ිāļē ⎀ැāļŊ් āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą්āļąේ āļąැංāļœුāļģāļ¸් āļŊා āļ­ිāļļෙāļą āļąැ⎀ෙāļą් āļ‹āļ­ුāļģු āļ¯ි⎁ා⎀āļ§āļēි. āļ‘āļąāļ¸් āļœොāļŠāļļිāļ¸ෙāļą් āļœැāļšුāļģු āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ āļ¯ෙ⎃āļ§āļēි. āļ’ āļąි⎃ා āļ¸ේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļœොāļŠāļļිāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎃āļ§ āˇ€ි⎃ිāļģීāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļąැ⎄ැ. āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļ¯ිāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ­ිāļļුāļĢු āļ­ෙāļŊ් ⎀ි⎁ාāļŊ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļąි⎃ා āļ¯ැāļą් āļ‰āļ­ිāļģි ⎀ āļ­ිāļļෙāļą්āļąේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļ¸ෙāļ§ි්‍āļģāļš්‌ āļ§ොāļą් 30āļš්‌ ⎀ැāļąි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļēි. āļšෙ⎃ේ ⎀ෙāļ­āļ­් āļ¸ේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļšාāļą්āļ¯ු⎀ෙāļą් āļēāļ¸් āļ­āļģāļ¸āļš āˇ„ෝ ⎃āļ¸ුāļ¯්‍āļģ āļ¯ූ⎂āļĢāļēāļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļąāˇ€ා. āļ’ āļąි⎃ා āļąා⎀ිāļš āˇ„āļ¸ුāļ¯ා⎀āļ­්, āļœු⎀āļą් ⎄āļ¸ුāļ¯ා⎀āļ­් ⎃āļ¸`āļœ āˇƒāļ¸ුāļ¯්‍āļģ āļ¯ූ⎂āļĢ āļ…āļ°ිāļšාāļģිāļē āļ‘āļšāļ­ු ⎀ෙāļŊා āļœිāļŊෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ­ිāļļෙāļą āļąැ⎀ේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļšාāļą්āļ¯ු⎀ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¯ැāļŠි āļ…⎀āļ°ාāļąāļēෙāļą් āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļšāļģāļąāˇ€ා. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී āļšි⎀ āļēුāļ­ු āļ¯ෙāļēāļš්‌ āļ­āļ¸āļēි āļœැāļšුāļģු āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ේ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą āļ¸ේ āļ­ෙāļŊ් āļšාāļą්āļ¯ු⎀ෙāļą් ⎀ෙāļģ⎅ āļ†āˇ්‍āļģිāļ­āˇ€ ⎀ෙ⎃ෙāļą āˇƒාāļœāļģ āļĸී⎀ීāļą්āļ§ āˇ„ාāļąිāļēāļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļąැ⎄ැ. āļœැāļšුāļģු āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ේ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļą āˇ€ි⎁ාāļŊ āļĸී⎀ීāļą්āļ§ āļ¸ෙāļē āļēāļ¸් āļ­āļģāļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąෙāļą āļąි⎃ා āļ‹āļą් āļ¸ේ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļē āļ¸`āļœāˇ„ැāļģ āļēāļą්āļą āļ´ු⎅ු⎀āļą්. āļ¸ේ ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸ුāļ¯්‍āļģ āļĸී⎀ීāļą්āļ§āļ­් ⎀ෙāļģ⎅ා⎁්‍āļģිāļ­ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļ§āļ­් ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀ූ ⎄ාāļąි ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ී āļąැāļ­ි ⎀ුāļĢāļ­් āļ…āļ´ි āļ’ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ…⎀āļ°ාāļąāļē ⎀ෙāļąāˇƒ්‌ āļąො āļšāļģ āļœāļ­āˇ€āļą āˇƒැāļ¸ āļ¸ො⎄ොāļ­āļš āļ¸ āļ…⎀āļ¯ිāļēෙāļą් ⎃ිāļ§ිāļąāˇ€ා.
 

Friday, July 20, 2012

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'āļœ්‍āļģීāļą්āļŠෙāļš්‌⎃්‌' - āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļš āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēේ
āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļ­ැāļą āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀āļ§


āļŊෝāļšāļēේ ⎄āļģිāļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļļ⎀ ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļļāļŊāļ´ාāļą āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀āļą āļšāļģුāļĢāļš්‌ ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸ිāļąි⎃ුāļą් āļœේ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļ´ි⎅ි⎀ෙāļ­් āļšෙāļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ¯ුāļģāļ§ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ිāļ­āļšාāļ¸ී ⎀ේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āļē. āļ…āļ´ āˇƒිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāļ¸්āļ´āļ­් āļ…āļ°ි āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļąි⎃ා āļŊෝāļšāļēේ ⎃්‌⎀ාāļˇා⎀ිāļš āˇƒāļ¸්āļ´āļ­් āļš්‌⎂āļē ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ¸ āļ…āļ´ේ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļšාāļģāļšāļ¸්⎀āļŊ āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ…āļ´āļ§ āˇ„ැāļŸීāļ¸āļš්‌ āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි ⎀ීāļ¸ āļąි⎃ා āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ āļ¯ූ⎂āļĢāļē ⎄ා ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļœැāļ§āļŊු āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ¸ේ āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ´āļ§ āļąිāļ­āļģ āļ…āˇƒāļą්āļąāļ§ āļŊැāļļේ.

āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ¸ āļŠāļ§ āļ´ි⎅ිāļēāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎃ේ āļēෝāļĸāļąා ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­ි āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āˇƒංāļšāļŊ්āļ´āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇƒ්‌āļ­āļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļšෙāļ­ෙāļš්‌ āļ¯ුāļģāļ§ āļŊෝāļšāļēේ āļ´ි⎅ිāļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ ⎀ āļ­ිāļļේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇ€ිāļ¸āˇƒිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļ´ැāļąāļēāļšි. ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļ´ි⎅ි⎀ෙāļ­āļš්‌ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļšෙāļ­ෙāļš්‌ āļ¯ුāļģāļ§ āļ‹āļąāļą්āļ¯ු⎀āļš්‌ āļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇ€ිāļ¸āˇƒීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļē. āļ¸ෙāļē āļ´ෞāļ¯්āļœāļŊිāļš āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļš්‌ āļģāļ§āļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀ේ. āļŊෝāļšāļēේ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි ⎃ං⎃āļą්āļ¯āļąāļēāļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēāļš්‌ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¸ෙ⎀āļģ ⎀ිāļ¸āˇƒුāļ¸ āļ­ු⎅ිāļą් ⎃ාāļšāļ ්āļĄා āļšāļģāļ¸ු.

'āļœ්‍āļģීāļą්āļŠෙāļš්‌⎃්‌' āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļē

āļąැ⎂āļąāļŊ් āļĸිāļēෝāļœ්‍āļģැ⎆ිāļš්‌ ⎃ංāļœāļ¸āļē ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļŊෝāļš āļ´්‍āļģāļšāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸ාāļœāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎀āļą āļœ්āļŊෝāļļāļŊ් ⎃්‌āļšෑāļą් ⎃āļ¸ාāļœāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļœ āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ ⎃āļšāˇƒ්‌ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļš āļœ්‍āļģීāļą්āļŠෙāļš්‌⎃්‌ āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļē (Greendex) āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļą්āļąāļšි. āļ¸ෙāļē ⎄āļŗුāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ී āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļœේ ⎃āļ­්‍āļē āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļš āˇ„ැ⎃ිāļģීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļēāļ¸āļē āļĸී⎀āļą āļģāļ§ා⎀ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ ⎃ං⎀āļģ්āļ°āļą āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļē. āļ¸ෙāļē āļ¸ුāļŊ් ⎀āļģāļ§ āˇƒāļšāˇƒ්‌ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯්āļ¯ේ 2008 ⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļ¯ී ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸ේ ⎃āļ¸ීāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļē ⎄ා āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් ⎁්‍āļģේāļĢිāļœāļ­ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸ේ ⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļ¯ී ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ ⎃ි⎀ු⎀ැāļąි ⎀āļģāļ§ āļē. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ…āļģāļ¸ුāļĢ āˇ€āļą්āļąේ āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļą් āļœේ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļģāļ§ා āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ාāļąāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļ´්‍āļģ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļē. āļ¸ේ āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļš āļšāļģුāļĢු ⎃ං⎃āļą්āļ¯āļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļē⎄āļ´āļ­් āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēāļš්‌ āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ.

āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී āļ…⎀āļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ු āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ´්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ…ං⎁ ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ†āˇ„ාāļģ, āļ´්‍āļģ⎀ා⎄āļąāļē ⎄ා āļąි⎀ා⎃ āļēāļą āļ…ං⎁ āļē. āļ¸ේ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ි āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļē ⎄ා ⎃ංāļģāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļē, āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ිāļ­āļšාāļ¸ී āļąි⎂්āļ´ාāļ¯āļą āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļē ⎀ැāļąි āļšāļģුāļĢු āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¯ āˇƒැāļŊāļšිāļŊිāļ¸āļ­් ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļ¸ේ ⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ‘āļš්‌ āļģāļ§āļšිāļą් āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļą් āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāļš්‌ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇ€ූ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļšāļģāļœāļąු āļŊැāļļේ. āļ¸ේ āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļą් ⎃āļ¸ීāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļēāļšāļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ āļšāļģ āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļŊāļļාāļœāļ­් āļŊāļšුāļĢු⎀āļŊ ⎃ාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļēāļē āļ‡āˇƒුāļģිāļą් ⎃āļ¸āˇƒ්‌āļ­ āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĩāļŊāļē āļŊāļļා āļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­.

2012 ⎀āļģ්⎂āļēේ āļ¯ී ⎃āļ¸ීāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļēāļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ āļšāˇ… āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් 17āļš āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĩāļŊ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ිāļ­āļšාāļ¸ී ⎄ැ⎃ිāļģීāļ¸් āļģāļ§ා ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් āļ´āˇ„āļš āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšි. āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් 9āļš āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļģāļ§ා⎀āļŊ āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģāļˇා⎀āļē āļ…āļŠු ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļ­්⎀āļē ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸ෙ⎀āļģ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸ු āļ­ැāļąāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀ේ āļ´āˇ€ා āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļˇා⎀āļē āļ…āļŠු ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļීāļ¸āļēි.

āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀ āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļ­ැāļąāļ§ - āļ‡āļ¸ෙāļģිāļšා⎀ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļą් āļ­ැāļąāļ§

āļ¸ේ āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēේ āļ´ෙ⎅ āļœැ⎃්‌āļ¸ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ිāļą් āļ¸ āˇƒිāļ§ිāļą්āļąේ ⎄ෙ⎀āļ­් ⎀āļŠාāļ­් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ිāļ­āļšාāļ¸ී āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļēāļš්‌ āļ¯ැāļšිāļē ⎄ැāļš්‌āļšේ āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀ෙ⎄ි āļē. āļ‘āļē 58.9āļšි. āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀ ⎅āļŸāļ§ āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēේ āļ´āˇƒු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ ීāļąāļē (57.8) ⎄ා āļļ්‍āļģ⎃ීāļŊāļē (55.5)āļēි. āļ¸ේ ⎃ිāļēāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු ⎀āļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් ⎀ීāļ¸āļ­් ⎀ේāļœāļēෙāļą් āļšාāļģ්āļ¸ීāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­්āļąා āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් ⎀ීāļ¸āļ­් ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļšāļģුāļĢāļšි.

āļ†āˇ„ාāļģ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ€ āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀ āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļēāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢීāļ¸āļ§, āļ†āˇ„ාāļģ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē ⎄ා ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ€ āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāļąු⎀āļą් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ´ි⎅ි⎀ෙāļ­් āļļāļŊāļ´ා āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļąිāļ¯āˇƒුāļąāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‘āļģāļ§ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļœāˇ€ āļ¸āˇƒ්‌ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļ…āļŠු ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļąි⎀ා⎃ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ€ āļ¯ āļ…āļŠු āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāļąු⎀āļą් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļē. āļ ීāļą āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļą් āļ´්‍āļģ⎀ා⎄āļąāļēේ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸ āļ…āļŠු āļ¸ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀āļš්‌ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļą āļģāļ§ āˇ€ේ. āļ‘⎄ි ⎀ැāļŠි āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ…āļ¸ෙāļģිāļšාāļąු⎀āļą් ⎄ා āļšැāļąේāļŠිāļēාāļąු⎀āļą් āļ…āļ­ිāļąි. āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ¸ āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāļąු āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļą් āļ…āļ­āļģිāļą් ⎃ිāļēāļēāļ§ 45āļš්‌ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´ිāļģි⎃āļš්‌ āļ­āļ¸ āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļšāļĢāļœාāļ§ු ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒා āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ€ āļŠāˇ…āļŸāļ§ āļ´āˇƒු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ¸ෙāļš්‌⎃ිāļšෝ⎀ ⎄ා āļ ීāļąāļēāļēි.

āļ¸ේ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē ⎀āļŠාāļ­් āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āˇ… ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ´ො⎄ො⎃āļ­් āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ ⎀ැ⎃ිāļēāļą් āļ…⎀āļ¸ āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģāļˇා⎀āļēෙāļą් āļēුāļš්‌āļ­ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļēāļš āļēෙāļ¯ෙāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļŠāļ§ āˇ€āļœāļšි⎀ āļēුāļ­ු āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි āļēෑāļēි āļ¯ āˇƒිāļ­ීāļ¸ āļē. āļœ්‍āļģීāļą්āļŠෙāļš්‌⎃්‌ āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēේ āļ…āļŠු āļ¸ āļ…āļœāļēāļš්‌ ⎄ිāļ¸ි āļšāļģāļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ…āļ¸ෙāļģිāļšා⎀ (44.7) ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšැāļąāļŠා⎀ (47.9) āļŠāļ§ āļ‹āļŠිāļą් ⎃ිāļ§ිāļēි. āļēුāļģෝāļ´ා āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ…āļŠු āļ¸āļ§්‌āļ§āļ¸āļš āļ´āˇƒු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ´්‍āļģං⎁āļēāļēි. āļ­āļ¸ āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ…āļŠු āļ¸ āļšāļĢāļœාāļ§ු⎀āļšිāļą් āļ´āˇƒු ⎀āļą āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļą් ⎃ිāļ§ිāļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ”āˇƒ්‌āļ§ේ්‍āļģāļŊිāļēා⎀, āļĸāļģ්āļ¸āļąිāļē ⎄ා āļĸāļ´ාāļą āļĸාāļ­ිāļšāļēෝ āļ¯ āˇ€ෙāļ­ි.

āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē ⎄ා āļŊෝāļšāļēේ ⎄āļģිāļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļļ⎀

āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļŊෝāļšāļē ⎀āļŠාāļ­් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ ⎄ිāļ­āļšාāļ¸ී ⎀ීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ…āļ­්‍āļē⎀⎁්‍āļē ⎀ේ. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ‰āˇ„āļ­ āļšී āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļēේ āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ෙāļą āļ´්‍āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­ා⎀ āļ‘āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļē⎄āļ´āļ­් āļąො ⎀ේ. āļ…āļ´ āļ­ු⎅ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļ­ිāļģ⎃āļģ āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ­āļļා āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļēේ āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸් āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ´ි⎅ිāļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ­āļģāļ¸් ⎀āļ­් ⎃ූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸āļš්‌ āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි āļąāļ¸් āļ‘āļē āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āˇ… āļšāļģ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි āļē.

āļ¸ේ āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļšāļē ⎃ැāļšāˇƒීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¸ූāļŊāļ°āļģ්āļ¸ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āļšāļģāļ¸ිāļą් āļ…āļēāļšුāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļą් āļœේ āļ´ෞāļ¯්āļœāļŊිāļš āˇ„āļģිāļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļļ⎀ āļœāļĢāļąāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ ⎀ෙāļļ් āļ´ිāļ§ු⎀ (http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/greendex/calculator) ⎀ෙāļ­ āļ´ි⎀ි⎃ āļ”āļļේ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļ¯āļ­්āļ­ āˇƒැāļ´āļēීāļ¸ āļ´āļ¸āļĢි. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ‘āļą āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් āļšāļģුāļĢු ⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා⎀ේ ⎃ාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļē āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļœිāļšāļēāļšුāļ§ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļąො ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļļ⎀ āļ‡āļ­ැāļ¸් ⎀ිāļ§ āˇƒිāļ­ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි ⎀ු⎀āļ­් āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļģāļ§ා⎀ āļ´āˇ€ා ⎀ෙāļąāˇƒ්‌ ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ´ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āļąො āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļē.

āļ…āļ´ේ āļ…āļąාāļœāļ­ āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ි ⎃ැāļ´āļēුāļ¸ āļš්‌⎂ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĸී⎀ීāļą්?

āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļšාāļļāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ිāļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­් āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļ†āļšාāļģāļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¸ෑāļ­ āļšාāļŊāļēේ āļ¯ී āļēāļ¸් āļēāļ¸් āļ´āļģ්āļēේ⎂āļĢ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ´ෙāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ී āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ´āˇƒුāļœිāļē āļ¯ා āļ¸ේ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļąිāļšුāļ­් ⎀ූ āļ´āļģ්āļēේ⎂āļĢ āļ´āļ­්‍āļģිāļšා⎀āļšāļ§ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļš්‌⎂ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĸී⎀ී āļ‰āļą්āļ°āļą āļšෝ⎂ (microbial fuel
cells - MFCs) āļ¸āļŸිāļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ීāļ¸ āļļෙ⎄ෙ⎀ිāļą් āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēී āļŊෙ⎃ āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ¸ේ āļšෝ⎂ āļēොāļ¯ාāļœāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āļšාāļļāļąිāļš āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē ⎃ෘāļĸු ⎀ āļ¸ āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ිāļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀ේ. ⎀ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āˇ„ා āļĸෛ⎀ීāļē āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļšාāļģāļšāˇ€āļŊිāļą් ⎃āļ¸āļą්⎀ිāļ­ āļ‘⎄ි āļ‡āļąෝāļŠāļē āļ…āˇƒāˇ… āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē ⎀ේ. āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļœේ āļ´āļģි⎀ෘāļ­්āļ­ීāļē āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊිāļē āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ”āļš්‌⎃ිāļĸāļą් ⎀ිāļģ⎄ිāļ­ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොaāļą āļ‡āļąෝāļŠāļē ⎀ෙāļ­ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ේ. āļ¸ේ āļ…āļąු⎀ ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļļāļŊāļē āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀ේ. āļ¸ේ āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āļē āļēොāļ¯ාāļœāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āļąාāļœāļģිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē, āļšෘ⎂ිāļšාāļģ්āļ¸ිāļš āˇ„ෝ ⎃āļ­්āļ­්⎀ āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ¸āļŸිāļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšි āļē. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ‘⎄ි āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් ⎃āļšāˇƒ්‌ āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļ…āļŠුāļ´ාāļŠු āļ­ිāļļේ. (āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģāļē( ChemSusChem, DOI: 10.1002/
cssc.201100777)

āļ¸ේ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļš්‌⎂ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĸී⎀ීāļą් āļēොāļ¯ාāļœāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āļšෘ⎂ිāļšාāļģ්āļ¸ිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ¸āļŸිāļą් ⎀ැāļŠි āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ිāļēāļš්‌ āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ීāļ¸ේ āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āļēāļš්‌ āļ´āˇƒුāļœිāļē āļ¯ා āļąිāļšුāļ­් ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­ි āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļēāļą āˇ€ාāļģ්āļ­ා⎀āļšිāļą් āļ´ෙāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ී āļ­ිāļļේ. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී ⎄āļēිāļŠ්‍āļģāļĸāļą් ⎄ා āļĸෛ⎀ āļ‰āļą්āļ°āļą āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. ⎀āļģ්āļ­āļ¸ාāļąāļēේ āļĸෛ⎀ āļ‰āļą්āļ°āļą āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€āļą āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļ¸ෙāļą් ⎀ි⎃ි āļœුāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļĸෛ⎀ āļ‰āļą්āļ°āļą āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļ‰āļą් āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ¸ේ ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļēොāļ¯ාāļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­ි āļĸෛ⎀⎀ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­්āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āˇ€ේāļ¯āļē ⎄āļŗුāļą්⎀āļą්āļąේ āļš්‌⎂ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĸී⎀ී ⎀ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් ⎀ිāļ ්āļĄේāļ¯āļš āļšෝ⎂ (microbial
electrolysis cells - MECs) āļēāļąු⎀ෙāļąි. āļ‘⎄ි āļ¯ී āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļšෘ⎂ිāļšාāļģ්āļ¸ිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļļිāļŗ āļ¯āļ¸ා āļ´ැ⎃ීāļ¸āļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ āļšāļģ āļĸෛ⎀ āļ‰āļą්āļ°āļą āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€āļąු āļŊැāļļේ. āļ¸ේ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊිāļēේ āļ…āļąෙāļš්‌ ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­්āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āļą්āļąේ āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා⎀āļš්‌ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ´ැ⎃ීāļ¸ේ āļ…āļ­ුāļģුāļĩāļŊ ⎄ා āļ‘āļ­āļąෝāļŊ් āļąො ⎀āļą āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļēොāļ¯ාāļœāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් ⎄āļēිāļŠ්‍āļģāļĸāļą් āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ීāļ¸āļēි. āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ‰āˇ€āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļąි⎃ා āļ¸ෙāļē āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා⎀ේ ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ¯ āˇ„ිāļ­āļšāļģ ⎀ේ. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€āļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ිāļē āļ¸ිāļą් āļ´ෙāļģ ⎃ිāļ¯ු āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļš්‍āļģāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļą් ⎃ැāļŊāļšිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ ⎀ිāļ¸ āˇ€ි⎁ේ⎂ිāļ­ āļē. āļ¸ීāļ§ āˇ„ේāļ­ු⎀ ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą්āļąේ āļ…āļ¯ා⎅ āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා⎀ ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ­ෝāļģාāļœāļą්āļąා āļŊāļ¯ āļļැāļš්‌āļ§ීāļģිāļēා⎀āļš්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸āļēි. (āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģāļē( Environmental Science &
Technology, DOI: 10.1021/es3008497)

āļ¸ේ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļš්‌⎂ුāļ¯්‍āļģāļĸී⎀ීāļą් āļēොāļ¯ාāļœāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļąිāļ´āļ¯āˇ€ීāļ¸ āļ´්‍āļģ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļąāļ¸්, āļ‘āļē āļœැāļ§āļŊු āļģැ⎃āļšāļ§ āˇ€ි⎃āļŗුāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļąිāļ¯āˇƒුāļąāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļœැāļ§āļŊු⎀āļ§, āļļāļŊ⎁āļš්‌āļ­ි āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļēāļ­ා⎀ ⎃āļ´ුāļģාāļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸්āļ¸āļ­ āļĸෛ⎀ āļ‰āļą්āļ°āļą āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļą āļ†āˇ„ාāļģ ⎄ා āļˇූāļ¸ිāļē āļ†āˇ්‍āļģිāļ­ āļœැāļ§āļŊු ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ¯ āļ¸ේ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ´ි⎅ිāļ­ුāļģු ⎃ැāļ´āļēේ. 
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āļ¸ී⎅āļŸ āˇƒුāļąාāļ¸ිāļē āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ¯?

āļšො⎅āļš āˇ€ි⎁්⎀⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļŊāļēීāļē āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āˇ€ිāļ¯්‍āļēා ⎃ංāļœāļ¸āļē ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­්⎀āļąු āļŊāļļāļą "2012 āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āˇ€ිāļ¯්‍āļēා āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļ§" ⎃āļ¸āļœාāļ¸ී⎀ āļ´āˇ… ⎀ේ.

āļ¯ෙ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ්‌ ⎄āļ­āļģේ āļ¯ෙ⎃ැāļ¸්āļļāļģ් ⎀ි⎃ි āļ´āˇƒ්‌ ⎀ැāļąි āļ¯ා āļ‹āļ¯ා ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´ෙāļģ ⎃ුāļąාāļ¸ිāļē āļŊාංāļšිāļšāļēāļą් āļšි⎃ි⎀āļšු āļ¯ැāļą āˇƒිāļ§ි ⎃ිāļ¯්āļ°ිāļēāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ේ. ⎃ුāļąාāļ¸ි āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ූ āļ´āˇƒු āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ¸ු⎄ුāļĢ āļ¯ිāļē āļēුāļ­්āļ­ේ āļšෙ⎃ේ āļ¯ැāļēි āļšි⎃ි⎀āļšුāļ­් āļ¯ැāļą āˇƒිāļ§ිāļēේ āļąැāļ­. āļ¸ෙāļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļĸී⎀ිāļ­ āˇ„ාāļąි āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļēāļ­් āļ‘āļš āļ´්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇ„ේāļ­ු⎀āļšි. āļŊාංāļšිāļš āļĸāļą āļ¸āļąāˇƒ āļ­ු⎅ ⎃්‌⎀ාāļˇා⎀ිāļš āˇ€ිāļ´āļ­් āļŊෙ⎃ ⎃āļąිāļ§ු⎄āļą් ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļąාāļē āļēැāļ¸්, āļœං ⎀āļ­ුāļģ ⎄ෝ āļąිāļēāļŸāļē āļœැāļą āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšි. āļ…āļ´ේ āļ´ා⎃āļŊ් āļ´ොāļ­ āļ´āļ­ āļ´āˇ€ා āļŊිāļēෑ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļෙāļą්āļąේ āļ¸ේ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ්‌ ⎅āļ¸āļēිāļą් āļ­ු⎅āļ§ āļšා⎀āļ¯්āļ¯āļ¸ිāļąි. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ¯ැāļą් āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē ⎀ෙāļąāˇƒ්‌ ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļļ⎀ āļšි⎀ āļēුāļ­ු āļē. āļœිāļąි āļšāļŗු⎀āļŊ āļ¸ූāļŊිāļš āļ…⎀āļ°ිāļē ⎀āļą āļ‹āļĢු āļ¯ිāļē āļ‹āļŊ්āļ´āļ­් āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āˇƒු⎅ු āļˇූāļ¸ිāļšāļ¸්āļ´ා āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļą් āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ිāļą් āļš්‍āļģāļ¸āļēෙāļą් ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀āļą āļ…āļēුāļģāļš්‌ āļ¯āļš්‌āļąāļ§ āļŊැāļļේ.

āļ¸ිāļąි⎃්‌ āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļšාāļģāļšāļ¸් āļļො⎄ොāļ¸āļēāļš්‌ ⎃්‌⎀ාāļˇා⎀ිāļš āˇ€ිāļ´āļ­් ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļ§ āˇƒāļšāˇƒ්‌ ⎀ී āļ­ිāļļීāļ¸ āļšāļĢāļœාāļ§ු⎀āļ§ āļšāļģුāļĢāļšි. āļ¸ෙāļēිāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļąා⎁āļē āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ†āļ´āļ¯ා āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢ āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļēං⎁āļē ⎀ැāļąි ⎀්‍āļēq⎄ āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ු⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ€ා ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­. āļšාāļģ්āļ¸ීāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļļො⎄ෝ ⎀ිāļ´āļ­්⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ¸āļŸāļ´ාāļ¯āļēි. āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļšෘ⎂ි āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļē, āļ´ොāļŊිāļ­ීāļą් āļ‹āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģ, ⎀ාāļēු āļ¯ූ⎂āļĢāļē, āļ´්‍āļģāļšා⎁ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ°ූāļ¸ිāļšා⎀, āļˇූāļœāļ­ āļĸāļŊ āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģ āļ…āļ´āˇ€ිāļ­්‍āļģ ⎀ීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ…āļ´āˇ„āļģāļĢāļē ⎀ිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ­් āļąො ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ¸ිāļą් āļšි⎄ිsāļ´āļēāļšි. ⎀āļģ්āļ­āļ¸ාāļą āļ†āļģ්āļŽිāļš āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸීāļē ⎃ාāļ°āļš āˇƒැāļŊāļšිāļŊ්āļŊāļ§ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āļ¸ේ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļą් āļ¸ුāļŊිāļą් āļ‹āļ´ුāļ§ා āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸ āļšāˇ… āļąො ⎄ැāļš්‌āļšāļš්‌ āļąāļ¸ුāļ­් ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļąා⎁āļē āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸ේ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļ­ොāļģāļ­ුāļģු ⎄ා āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸāļœāļ­ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු⎀ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļē.

āļ¸ේ āļ…āļģāļ¸ුāļĢ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ ⎅āļ¸āļēිāļą් āļœේ āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸ āˇ€āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļēේ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļą්āļ§ āļ¸ු⎄ුāļĢ āļ¯ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšි ⎀āļą āļ…āļēුāļģිāļą් āļ….āļ´ො.⎃. āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒ්‌ āļ´ෙ⎅ ⎀ි⎂āļē āļąිāļģ්āļ¯ේ⎁āļē āļēා⎀āļ­්āļšාāļŊීāļą āļšāļģ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āˇ€ිāļ¯්‍āļēා⎀ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļšāļģුāļĢු āļ‡āļ­ු⎅āļ­් āļšොāļ§ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē ((e waste)

āļ•āļąෑ āļ¸ āˇ€ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් ⎄ෝ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāļēāļš්‌ ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀ෙāļą් ⎁ේ⎂ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļŊෙ⎃ ⎄ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ේ. āļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් āļ…āļ¯ āļ¸ු⎄ුāļĢ āļ¯ෙāļą āļ´්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ´්‍āļģ⎁්āļąāļēāļš්‌ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ´āļ­් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­. āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļ¸ේ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāļąුāļēේ āļąො āļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊāļ§, āļ´ා⎀ිāļ ්āļ ි āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœ āļ…āļ´āļąāļēāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸`āļœිāļąි. ⎁ීāļ්‍āļģ āļ­ාāļš්‌⎂āļĢිāļš āˇ€ෙāļąāˇƒ්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸්, āļ…āļŠු āļ¸ූāļŊිāļš āļ´ිāļģි⎀ැāļē āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ‰āļš්‌āļ¸āļą් āļēāļŊ් āļ´ැāļąීāļ¸් ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀ෙāļą් āļ¸ේ āļ…āļģ්āļļුāļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් āļ‹āļœ්‍āļģ ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļēි.

āļ´ෙāļģ āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļš āļ…āļ°ි āļ­ාāļš්‌⎂āļĢිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāļēāļš්‌, āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļš āļ…⎀ෑāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļ­āļģ්āļĸāļą āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļą āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļœොāļŠāļš්‌ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­් ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāˇ… āļąො ⎄ැāļšි ⎀ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‹āļ¯ා⎄āļģāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ…āļ­ි āļąāˇ€ීāļą āļ´āļģිāļœāļĢāļšāļēāļš āˇ€ු⎀āļ­් āļ‹āļ´āļģිāļ¸ āļ†āļēු āļšාāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ ⎄āļ­āļš්‌ āļļ⎀ ⎀ාāļģ්āļ­ා ⎀ේ. āļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļ…āļ´ āˇ€ැāļąි āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ් āļļො⎄ොāļ¸āļēāļš්‌, āļ´ා⎀ිāļ ්āļ ි āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļąāļ¸ුāļ­් āļš්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļ­āļ­්āļ­්a⎀āļēේ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļŊාāļˇීāļą් āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­් ⎀ේ. āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ…āļģ්āļļුāļ¯āļē āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āļ­ුāļģු ⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා⎀ āļ­ු⎅ āļ­āļ¯ිāļą් ⎄ි⎃ āļ”āˇƒāˇ€ා āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි āļ¸ුāļ­් āļ ීāļąāļē, āļ‰āļą්āļ¯ිāļēා⎀, āļ¸ැāļŊේ⎃ිāļēා⎀, āļාāļąා⎀ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļ…āļ´්‍āļģිāļšාāļąු āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļ¯ āļ¸ේ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ´ැāļąāļąāļŸිāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą āļļ⎀ āļąො āļģāˇ„āˇƒāļšි. āļąිāļēāļ¸ිāļ­ āļ­ාāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļēāļ§ āļ…āļąුāļšූāļŊ āļąො ⎀āļą āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ…āļ´āˇ„āļģāļĢāļē ⎀ි⎀ිāļ° āļ´ාāļģි⎃āļģිāļš āļœැāļ§āļŊු⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ¸āļŸāļ´ාāļ¯āļēි. āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļēāļšිāļą් āļ­ොāļģ āļ´ු⎅ු⎃්‌⎃ා āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸, āļšොāļ§āˇƒ්‌ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ„āļ­් āļļ්āļ¸් āļœොāļŠ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸`āļœිāļą් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āˇ€ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļˇූāļœāļ­ āļĸāļŊ āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āˇ„ාāļąිāļē āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ි⎁ාāļŊ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎀ි⎀ිāļ° āˇƒෞāļ›්‍āļē āļœැāļ§āļŊු āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¯ āļ¸āļŸāļ´ාāļ¯āļēි. āļ´්‍āļģාāļŽāļ¸ිāļš āļ‹āļ´āļš්‍āļģāļ¸ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āļšොāļ§ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ´ැ⎃ුāļ¸්āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļ‘āļ¸ āļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊිāļēේ āļēෙāļ¯ෙāļą්āļąāļą්āļ§ āļļො⎄ෝ ⎃ෞāļ›්‍āļē āļœැāļ§āļŊු āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļą්āļąāļš්‌ āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āļ¯ැāļąāļ§ āļ­āˇ„⎀ුāļģු ⎀ී āļ‡āļ­.

⎀āļģ්āļ­āļ¸ාāļą āˇ්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා⎀ āļ­ු⎅ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē

āļ‘āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļšāļ­ාāļļ⎄āļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ුāļĢ āļ¯, ⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා⎀ āļ­ු⎅ āļ¯ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ…āļģ්āļļුāļ¯āļē āļēāļ¸්āļ­ාāļš්‌ āļ¯ුāļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļēි. āļēāļŊ් āļ´ැāļąāļœිāļē ⎄ෝ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļēāļ§ āļąු⎃ුāļ¯ු⎃ු āļ´āļģිāļœāļĢāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœ, ⎃ංāļēුāļš්‌āļ­ āļ­ැāļ§ි āļ°ා⎀āļš āļēāļą්āļ­්‍āļģ, āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļą, ⎁ීāļ­āļšāļģāļĢ, CFL āļļāļŊ්āļļ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļšෝ⎂ āļ¸ේ ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා ⎃ෘāļĸු ⎀ āļ¯ාāļēāļš āˇ€ේ.

āļ‰āˇ€āļ­ āļŊāļą CFL ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļ´āˇ„āļą් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē āļ¸ුāļ¯ා⎄āļģිāļą āļ´්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁්‍āļģāļēāļšි. āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļ´āˇ„āļąāļš āˇƒාāļ¸ාāļą්‍āļēāļēෙāļą් āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē āļ¸ිāļŊි āļœ්āļģෑāļ¸් ⎄āļ­āļģāļš āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ේ. āļšාāļģ්āļēāļš්‌⎂āļ¸ āļ†āļŊෝāļš āļ‹āļ­්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļēāļš්‌ ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļ…āļ­්‍āļē⎀⎁්‍āļē āļœුāļĢාංāļœ āļģැ⎃āļš්‌ āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē āļŊෝ⎄āļēේ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ේ. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ූ ⎀ිāļ§ āļ‘āļē āļĸී⎀ීāļą්āļ§ āļ‰āļ­ා āļ¸ āˇ„ාāļąිāļ¯ාāļēāļš āˇ€ේ.

āļ…āˇƒූ⎀ āļ¯āˇāļšāļēෙāļą් āļ‡āļģāļšුāļĢු ⎀ි⎀ෘāļ­ āļ†āļģ්āļŽිāļš āļ´ිāļļිāļ¯ීāļ¸āļ­් ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœිāļē āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ’ āˇƒිāļēāļŊ්āļŊāļš්‌ āļ¸ āļ´ා⎄ේ āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­ āļ¯ැāļ¸ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­් ⎀ āļ‡āļ­. āļąāˇ€්‍āļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀ැāļŠිāļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœ āļ†āļąāļēāļąāļē āļšāļģāļ­් āļ¸ āļ‰āļą් āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ි⎃්‌āļŽාāļ´āļąāļē ⎀āļą āļ´ැāļģැāļĢි āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāļēāļą්āļ§ āˇ„ිāļ¸ි ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļļāļŗුāļąāļēි. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ¸ේ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­ āļŊāļą āˇƒැāļ¸ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāļēāļš්‌ āļ¸ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āˇ„ා āļ¸ිāļąි⎃ාāļ§ āˇ€ිāļą āļšāļģāļą āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ි⎂ āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļš්‌ āļļ⎀ āļąāļ¸් ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļ¸ āļē. āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē⎀āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģුāļ¯ාāļēāļš āˇƒංāļāļ§āļš āļ¸ොāļąāˇ€ා āļ¯ැāļēි āļ¸āļŗāļš්‌ ⎀ි⎁්āļŊේ⎂āļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļļāļŊāļ¸ු.

āļŠāļēāļ¸් (Lead)

⎀ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļļ⎄ුāļŊ ⎀ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ේ. āļŠāļēāļ¸් āļ…āļ¸්āļŊ ⎀ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් āļšෝ⎂, āļ´ෑ⎃්‌⎃ුāļ¸් āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļēāļēāļš්‌ ⎀āļą āˇƒෝāļŊ්āļŠāļģ්, ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļģැ⎄ැāļą් āļ¸āļ­ āļ†āˇ€āļģāļĢ āļ´āļ§āļŊāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļą āļ´āļģිāļ´āļŽ āˇ„ා āļļා⎄ිāļģ āļ†āˇ€āļģāļšāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¯ āļŠāļēāļ¸් āļēොāļ¯ා āļœāļąිāļēි. āļ¸ිāļąි⎃්‌ ⎃ිāļģුāļģ āļ­ු⎅ āļŠāļēāļ¸් ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ු⎀ āļ¯ āļ…āļ°ිāļš āˇƒාāļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļĢāļēāļą් ⎀ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ€ේ. Pb2+ āļ…āļēāļąāļē, āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļŊෙ⎃ āļ­āļēෝāļŊ (Thiols) āˇƒāˇ„ ⎆ො⎃්‌⎆ේāļ§ (Posphates) ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒ්‌āļŽාāļēි ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āˇƒාāļ¯āļ¸ිāļą් ⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු⎀āļŊ, āļ…āļš්‌āļ¸ා⎀ේ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸ො⎅āļēේ ⎃ෛāļŊ⎀āļŊ āļĸී⎀ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļš්‍āļģිāļēා⎀āļŊāļ§ āļļාāļ°ා āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļēි. āļ…āļ°ිāļģුāļ°ිāļģ āļ´ීāļŠāļąāļē, āļąිāļģāļš්‌āļ­ිāļē, āļ¸āˇ… āļ¯āļģු āļ‹āļ´āļ­් āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ීāļ¸, ⎃්‌āļąාāļēු āļ†āļļාāļ°, āļ¸āļŗ āˇƒāļģු āļˇා⎀āļē āļŠāļēāļ¸් ⎀ි⎂ ⎀ීāļ¸ āˇ„ේāļ­ු⎀ෙāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ„āļŗුāļąාāļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ€ āļœෙāļą් āļ¯āļģු⎀ාāļ§ āļ´āˇ€ා āļ¸āˇ€ු āļšිāļģි āļ¸`āļœිāļą් āļŠāļēāļ¸් ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āˇāļģීāļģāļœāļ­ āˇ€ීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē.

āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē (Mercury)

āļ‹āˇ‚්āļĢāļ­්⎀ āļ¸ාāļ´āļą, āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ුāļ¸් ⎃ං⎀ේāļ¯āļš, ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃්‌⎀ිāļ  āˇ„ා ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් ⎀ි⎃āļģ්āļĸāļą āļ´āˇ„āļą්⎀āļŊ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āˇ€ේ. āļļො⎄ෝ āļ´āļģිāļœāļĢāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļ¯ āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļē. ⎀āļģ්āļ­āļ¸ාāļą āˇ්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļŠාāļ­් āļ¸ āļ­āļģ්āļĸāļąāļēāļš්‌ āļ‘āļŊ්āļŊ ⎀āļą āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē āļ´්‍āļģāļˇāˇ€āļē āļ‰āˇ€āļ­ āļŊāļą CFL ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļļුāļļු⎅ු āļē. āļ‰āļ­ා āļšුāļŠා ⎃ාāļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļĢ⎀āļŊ āļ¯ී āļ´āˇ€ා āļ¸ිāļąි⎃්‌ ⎃ිāļģුāļģāļ§ āˇ€ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇ€āļą āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē, āļļි⎅ිāļŗුāļą් ⎄ා āļšුāļŠා āļ¯āļģු⎀āļą්āļœේ āļ¸ො⎅āļēේ ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļēāļ§ āļ…⎄ිāļ­āļšāļģ āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸් āļ‘āļŊ්āļŊ āļšāļģāļēි. āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē, ⎀ා⎂්āļ´ āˇ€āˇāļēෙāļą් ⎀ාāļēුāļœෝāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļŊෝ⎄āļēāļšි. āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē ⎀ා⎂්āļ´āļēāļ§ āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļŊෙ⎃ āļąිāļģා⎀āļģāļĢāļē ⎀ූ āļ´ුāļ¯්āļœāļŊāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ¸ො⎅āļē, ⎀āļšුāļœāļŠු, ⎃්‌āļąාāļēු ⎄ෝ āļ´ෙāļąāˇ„āļŊු āļ†āļļාāļ° āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ීāļ¸ේ ⎄ැāļšිāļēා⎀āļš්‌ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļēි. āļŊෝ⎄āļ¸āļē āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ āļ¸ෙāļ­ිāļŊ් (CH3) āļšාāļĢ්‌āļŠ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļģ⎃āļ¯ිāļē ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļĸී⎀ීāļą් āļœේ ⎃ිāļģුāļģ āļ­ු⎅ āļ‘āļš්‌āļģැ⎃්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸ේ āļ…⎀āļ¯ාāļąāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļēි. āļ¯ිāļœුāļšාāļŊීāļą āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸් āļ‡āļ­ි āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ේ ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­් ⎀ේ.

āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් (Cadmium)

āļļෝ⎄ෝ āļ´āļģිāļœāļĢāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļą āļšොāļ§āˇƒ්‌⎀āļŊ āļ…āļą්āļ­āļģ්āļœāļ­ āˇ€āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´්āļŊා⎃්‌āļ§ිāļš්‌ ⎃්‌āļŽාāļēිāļšාāļģāļšāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¯ āļēොāļ¯ා āļœැāļąේ. āļ´ැāļģැāļĢි āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļą āļļො⎄ොāļ¸āļēāļš āļąිāļšāļŊ් āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් ⎀ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් āļšෝ⎂ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ිāļē. āļšැāļŠ්āļ¸ිāļēāļ¸් āļ´ි⎅ිāļšා āļšාāļģāļšāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ ⎄āļŗුāļąාāļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­ි āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´ෙāļąāˇ„āļŊු ⎄ා āļ…āļš්‌āļ¸ා⎀ āļ…⎁්‍āļģිāļ­ āļœැāļ§āļŊු āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļēි. ⎁āļģීāļģāļē āļ­ු⎅ āļ¯ිāļœුāļšාāļŊීāļąāˇ€ āļ‘āļš්‌āļģැ⎃්‌ ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšිāļēා⎀āļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļˇāļēාāļąāļš āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĩāļŊ āļ…āļ­් āļšāļģ āļ¯ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļŊෝ⎄āļēāļšි.

āļļෙāļģිāļŊිāļēāļ¸් (Berillium)

āļ…āļģ්āļ° āˇƒāļą්āļąාāļēāļš āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļģāļĢāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļēොāļ¯ා āļœāļąිāļēි. āļ‘āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ­āļš āļļෙāļģිāļŊිāļēāļ¸් āļ¸ි⎁්‍āļģ āļŊෝ⎄āļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¯ āˇ€ිāļ¯්āļēුāļ­් āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āˇ€ේ. āļ…āļ°ිāļš āļ‹āˇ‚්āļĢāļ­්⎀āļēāļą් āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļģāļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āļ¸ේ ⎃ංāļēෝāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු āļļෙāļģිāļŊිāļēāļ¸් āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āļ¸ුāļ¯ා ⎄ැāļģේ. āļ¸ේ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļąිāļ¯āļą්āļœāļ­ āļģෝāļœāļēāļš්‌ ⎀āļą āļļෙāļģිāļŊිāļšො⎃ි⎃්‌ (Beryllicosis) āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ‘āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ´ි⎅ිāļšා āļšාāļģāļšāļēāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ ⎀āļģ්āļœීāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¸ෙāļē āļ¸ූāļŊිāļšāˇ€ āļ´ෙāļąāˇ„āļŊු āļģෝāļœ āļ‡āļ­ි āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¯ාāļēāļš āˇ€ේ.

āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļේāļģිāļēāļ¸්
(Arsanik and Barium)

āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļļො⎄ෝ ⎀ිāļ§ āļŠāļēෝāļŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļļේāļģිāļēāļ¸් āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļ´ු⎅ි`āļœු āļ´ේāļąු⎀āļŊ, āļģිāļš්‌āļ­āļš āļąāˇ… ⎄ා āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ¯ීāļ´්āļ­ āļ´āˇ„āļą්⎀āļŊ āļ¯āļš්‌āļąāļ§ āļŊැāļļේ. āļ†āˇƒāļąිāļš්‌ āļ‰āļ­ා āļšුāļŠා āļąිāļģා⎀āļģāļĢāļēāļą් āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļ´āˇ€ා āļ¯āļģුāļĢු āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĩāļŊ āļ…āļ­් āļšāļģ āļ¯ෙāļą āļ´ි⎅ිāļšාāļšාāļģāļšāļēāļš්‌ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļē āļ´āˇ€ා ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļļේāļģිāļēāļ¸් āļŊෝ⎄āļ¸āļē āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēේ āļ…āˇƒ්‌āļŽාāļēි ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎀ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ”āļš්‌⎃āļēිāļŠ āˇƒාāļ¯āļēි. āļ¸ො⎅āļēේ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āļ‰āļ¯ිāļ¸ීāļ¸, āļ¸ාං⎁ āļ´ේ⎁ි⎀āļŊ āļ¯ුāļļāļŊāļ­ා āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļš්‌āļ¸ා⎀ ⎄ා ⎄āļ¯āˇ€āļ­āļ§ āˇ„ාāļąි āļ‡āļ­ි āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¯ āļļේāļģිāļēāļ¸් ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­් ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ­āˇ„⎀ුāļģු ⎀ෙāļēි.

āļšාāļļāļąිāļš āˇƒංāļēෝāļœ (Organic compounds)

āļŊෝ⎄ ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļļො⎄ෝ āļ…⎄ිāļ­āļšāļģ āļšාāļļāļąිāļš āˇƒංāļēෝāļœ āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē⎀āļŊ āļ…āļŠංāļœු ⎀ේ. āļ´ී.⎀ී.⎃ී. (Polyvinyl chloride), āļļ්āļģෝāļ¸ිāļąීāļšෘāļ­ āˇƒංāļēෝāļœ (Brominated compounds) āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎄ුāļš්‌āļŊෝāļģිāļąීāļšෘāļ­ āļ¯ි⎀ිāļ­්⎀ ⎆ීāļąෝāļŊ (Polychlorinated biphenyls) āļ¸ිāļą් āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļšි. āļ´ි⎅ි⎃්‌⎃ීāļ¸āļ§ āļŊāļš්‌ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී ⎀ාāļēුāļœෝāļŊāļēāļ§ āˇ€ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āˇƒංāļāļ§āļš āļ¸ුāļ¯ා ⎄ැāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸ේ ⎃ංāļēෝāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļŊāļš්‌⎂āļĢāļēāļšි. āļ´ි⎅ිāļšාāļšාāļģāļš āļœුāļĢ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´ෙāļąāˇ„āļŊු āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āˇ්āˇ€āˇƒāļą āļ†āļļාāļ° āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļģāļēි.

āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢāļē

āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ āļš්‍āļģීāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎄ා āļąැ⎀āļ­ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļē āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢāļēෙ⎄ි āļ¸ූāļŊිāļš āļ…āļˇිāļ´්‍āļģාāļēāļą් ⎀ේ. āļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ āļš්‍āļģීāļšāļģāļĢ āļ¸āļ°්‍āļē⎃්‌āļŽාāļą āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœ āļšොāļ§āˇƒ්‌⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇ€ෙāļą් āļšොāļ§ āļ´්‍āļģāļēෝāļĸāļąāˇ€āļ­් āļ¯ැ āļ‹āļšāˇ„ා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀ේ. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී ⎀ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ¸ිāļąි⎃ාāļ§ āˇ„ෝ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļēāļ§ āˇ„ාāļąිāļēāļš්‌ āļąො ⎀ීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āļœāļļāļŊාāļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀ේ. āļ´āˇ„āļ­් āļļිāļ¸් āļœොāļŠ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļēොāļ¯ා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļ‰āļ­ා āļ¸ āļˇāļēාāļąāļš āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļšි. ⎀ි⎂ āļģ⎃ාāļēāļąිāļš āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē, ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļļැāļģ āļŊෝ⎄ ⎃ංāļēෝāļœ āļ´ාං⎁ු āļĸāļŊāļēāļ§ āļšාāļą්āļ¯ු ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ී ⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎀ේ. āļ‘āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ´ි⎅ි⎃්‌⎃ීāļ¸ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļļැ⎄ැāļģ āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¯ āˇƒුāļ¯ු⎃ු āļąො ⎀ේ. āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ි⎂ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ¯ුāļ¸ාāļģāļēāļš්‌ āļ¸ෙāļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļļැāļģ āļŊෝ⎄ ⎀ාāļēුāļœෝāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ¸ුāļ¯ා⎄ැāļģීāļ¸ āļ¯ āļ‘āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļąා⎁āļšාāļģී āļ…āļ­ුāļģු āļĩāļŊāļēāļšි.

āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļą් ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් āļšි⎀ āļēුāļ­්āļ­ේ, āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœ āļšොāļ­ෙāļš්‌ āļ…āļ´ āļĸී⎀ිāļ­āļē āļ´āˇ„āˇƒු āļšāˇ… āļ¯ āļ’ āˇ„ා ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€ූ āļ…⎀āļ¯ාāļąāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ‡āļ­ි āļļ⎀āļēි. āļ¸ේ āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒ`āļ¯āˇ„ා āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąාāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ ''Three R'' āļ¸ූāļŊāļ°āļģ්āļ¸āļē āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ’⎀ා āļąāļ¸් āļ…⎀āļ¸ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ (Reduce), āļąැ⎀āļ­ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļē (Reuse) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ āļš්‍āļģීāļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē (Recycle) āļē. āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ…⎀āļ¸ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ¯ු āļšāˇ… ⎄ැāļš්‌āļšේ ⎄ො`āļ¯ āļąāļŠāļ­්āļ­ු āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ¸āļŸිāļą් ⎄ා āļĸී⎀ āļšාāļŊāļē āļąි⎀ැāļģැāļ¯ි⎀ ⎃ු⎃āļģ āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸`āļœිāļąි. āļąāˇ€ āļ‹āļ´ාංāļœāļēāļšāļ§ āļēැāļ¸ āˇ€ෙāļąු⎀āļ§ āļēා⎀āļ­්āļšාāļŊීāļą āļšිāļģීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ´්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€ේ. āļąැ⎀āļ­ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­āļē āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļąāļ¸් āļ­ා⎀āļšාāļŊිāļš āˇ€ි⎃āļŗුāļ¸āļš්‌ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšි. āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ āļš්‍āļģීāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļ¸āļŸිāļą් āļšāˇƒāˇ… āļ´āļģිāļ¸ා⎀ āļ…āļŠු ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¸ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļ¸ූāļŊිāļš āļšොāļ§āˇƒ්‌ āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļĸāļąāļąāļē āļ¯ āˇƒිāļ¯ු ⎀āļą āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļ‘āļē ⎀āļŠාāļ­් āļ‹āļ ිāļ­ āˇ€ි⎃āļŗුāļ¸āļšි.

āļ‘āļš්‌ āļ…āļēāļšුāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒ්‌āļ­ āļŊෝāļšāļē āļ¸ āļœāļŊ⎀ා āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļąො ⎄ැāļšි ⎀āļœ āˇƒැāļļෑ⎀āļšි. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļ‘āļšිāļąෙāļšා āļšුāļŠා āļ´āļģිāļ¸ාāļĢāļēෙāļą් ⎄ෝ āļ­āļ¸ා ⎃āļ­ු ⎀āļœāļšීāļ¸් āļšොāļ§āˇƒ āļ‰āļ§ු āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļąāļ¸් āļ¸āˇ„āļ­් ⎀්‍āļē⎃āļąāļēāļš්‌ āļąāˇ€āļ­්⎀ා āļœැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„ැāļšි ⎀āļąු āļąො āļ…āļąුāļ¸ාāļą āļē. āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļšāˇƒāˇ… ⎀්‍āļē⎃āļąāļē āļšෙāļ¸ෙāļą් ⎄ි⎃ āļ”āˇƒāˇ€āļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļēි. āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļ…⎀āļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ු āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąීāļ­ි āļģෙāļœුāļŊා⎃ි āļ´ැāļąāˇ€ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸāļœāļ­ āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ේ ⎃ුāļ¯ු⎃ු āļ¸ āļšාāļŊāļēāļēි. āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āļąො āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļšිāļēāļ¸āļąāļš්‌ āļąāļ¸් ⎀⎅āļš්‌⎀ා āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āļ´්‍āļģāļ­ිāļšාāļģāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠා āļē⎄āļ´āļ­් āļļ⎀āļēි. āļ‰āļ­ිāļą් āļ…āļ´ි ⎀⎄ ⎀⎄ා āļ‰āļŊෙāļš්‌āļ§්‍āļģොāļąිāļš āļ…āļ´āļ¯්‍āļģ⎀්‍āļē ⎀්‍āļēා⎃āļąāļē āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„ා ⎀āļą āļ­āļ¸āļą් ⎃āļ­ු āļēුāļ­ුāļšāļ¸් āļšොāļ§āˇƒ āļ‰āļ§ු āļšāļģāļ¸ුෘ

āļšො⎅āļš āˇ€ි⎁්⎀⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļŊāļēāļēේ
āļģ⎃ාāļēāļą āˇ€ිāļ¯්‍āļēා āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļēāļąං⎁āļēේ āļ…ං⎁ාāļ°ිāļ´āļ­ි,
āļ¸āˇ„ාāļ ාāļģ්āļē āļšේ. āļ†āļģ්. āļģංāļĸිāļ­් āļ¸āˇ„ාāļąාāļ¸

Wednesday, July 11, 2012



Reduce consumption of food and natural resources for survival of mankind

 

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Dr. Mathu H. Liyanage

The world is facing a grave crisis today with the increase of the global population and the resultant increase in the basic needs of the people and enforced attempts to meet them by reducing natural resources. This trend has to be reversed soon before the human race takes a deadly beating.

The global population reached seven billion last year and it is predicted that, by 2050, it will reach 11 billion.

The unprecedented growth of population and the impending prosperity of countries such as China, India and Brazil will make the rise in consumption phenomenal. It is in these circumstances indeed that the Malthusian theory becomes a reality.

Growth in population means growth in consumption and a greater demand on natural resources for production, viz. fossil fuels, fresh water, ores, biomass and minerals. Intensive demand for them with limited supply will push the prices higher and the cost of living.

It is the developed countries with only about 20 per cent of the world’s population consume 85 per cent of its resources. The average person in the developed countries is said to use energy 40 times more than a person in the developing countries. If both the developed countries and developing countries use the same quantity of energy from the combustion of fossil fuels and have access to the same sources of energy, the end result will indeed be catastrophic.

It is reported that over the last 100 years that fossil fuels had grown 30 times and industrial production 50 times, indicating a glimpse of the devastation that may be caused to natural resources.

It is advocated in many quarters that restrictions on population growth and sustainable consumption of natural resources, which march on arm-in-arm, is the key to this world crisis.

It may perhaps be possible for developing countries to feed, provide water, shelter and energy for the increasing population if developed countries reduce their own consumption of natural resources, lowering the price of products and reducing the need to import mineral resources from developing countries.

Sustainable development is simply the use of resources to meet the needs of the people whilst preserving the environment. Plant trees when trees are cut down for building is a very simple example but it is not so in many as, for instance, the supply of fossil fuels, land and minerals is limited, finite and constant and cannot be replaced for ages. The obvious answer is to cut down production by developed countries without losing prosperity by adopting suitable economic mechanisms.

These ultimately boil down to sustainable development - the right to improvement and advancement of economic, social, cultural and political conditions. Improvement implies a change that ensures a life of dignity, and changes should invariably include action to eradicate and alleviate widespread poverty, unemployment and social inequality now prevalent in the society. Social development will hopefully ensure and help enhancing the individual person’s well-being by integrating socioeconomic development, and environmental conservation and protection. Summing up, it is meeting the basic needs of the human being by providing easy access to food, housing, health services, education and fair distribution of income.

United Nations Rio+20 Sustainable Development Summit in Brazil attended by more than 100 world leaders and about 45,300 participants has ended minus any tangible results to be complacent about. It appears that the leaders have agreed in vague terms to negotiate a set of sustainable development goals by 2015 on issues such as food, land, water, food, waste and poverty but have not been able to agree on what those goals should be.

Thursday, June 28, 2012



Climate change

 

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"I have lived in good climate, and it bores the hell out of me.

I like weather better than climate"
John Steinbeck

by Charles Santiapillai and V. Sivakumar

As Mark Twain once commented, "Climate is what we expect, and weather is what we get". Climate and weather are atmospheric phenomena and they differ in time scale. Weather refers to short-term changes (minutes to months) in the atmosphere, while climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over long periods of time (years to centuries). In other words, climate is a summary of weather patterns in an area over a long period of time. Weather can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-season. In Melbourne, Australia, sometimes one can experience all four seasons in just one day! On the other hand, climate is an average of weather over space and time. Thus when we discuss climate change, we refer to changes in long-term averages of daily weather.

Five decades ago, Kandy was a much wetter and cooler city than it is today. People carried an umbrella during the day against the rain and used a blanket in the night against the cold. Today, the climate has certainly changed and Kandy is slightly warmer and drier than what it was decades ago. The Red-wattled Lapwing - a typical bird of the low country dry zone – has moved to Peradeniya and today is a resident at the University Campus. 1990s were the hottest decade and 1998 was the warmest year. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperature has warmed roughly 0.740C over the past 100 years. More than half of this warming (0.40C) has occurred since 1979.

The Earth’s atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that insulates our planet from extreme temperatures. If you cover a globe with a coat of varnish, then the thickness of the varnish would be about the same as the thickness of the atmosphere in relation to Earth. Thus the atmosphere is a fragile blanket around the Earth composed largely of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The remaining 1% is made up of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapour.

In the 1820s, it was the French mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier who first indicated that the Earth’s atmosphere might act as an insulator. (Fourier on the belief that his health could be improved by wrapping himself in blankets tripped down the stairs in his house and killed himself!). Later, the Irish Physicist, John Tyndall in 1859 observed through experiments that the abundant atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen were transparent to radiant heat whereas water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane were not; they absorbed it. Tyndall therefore concluded that the earth’s climate was determined by these imperfectly transparent atmospheric gases, which we refer today as greenhouse gases. It is these gases that regulate our climate.

The atmosphere acts like a glass on a hot-house or greenhouse since it lets through the light rays of the sun (short-wave radiation) much of which is absorbed by the Earth but some is reflected back into space. The natural layer of atmospheric gases absorbs a portion of this reflected long-wave or infrared solar radiation, eventually releasing some of it back into space but forcing much of it back to the Earth. It means that the atmosphere is being heated up from above and below. It is this heat that warms our planet. This is called the Greenhouse Effect. It is a bit like leaving your car in the parking lot on a sunny day. Your car is much hotter inside than outside. It is these heat trapping or greenhouse gases that make our planet a pleasant place to live (at 570F or 140C). In their absence the Earth would be an inhospitable cold planet with a temperature of 00F (or -17.780C).

Unfortunately, today through deforestation, burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gas, we are introducing massive quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) into our fragile atmosphere at rates faster than green plants and oceans can absorb them. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from 270 parts per million (ppm) in 1780 to about 385 ppm today. It is predicted that by 2050, CO2 concentration will reach 500 ppm. It was Sweden’s first Nobel Prize chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1896 showed that the Earth’s temperature would fall if CO2 levels declined. Today, Arrhenius is referred to as the father of climate change. Unfortunately, CO2 is a persistent gas and hence its removal is not easy. Only about one seventh of it can be removed by green plants during photosynthesis.

The term "Global Warming" may not be appropriate since as Freeman Dyson, a onetime Professor of Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, points out, the warming is not global, but local. It is mainly in the Arctic and that too mainly in winter than in summer, and mainly in the night than in the day. The effect of CO2 is important where the air is dry, as in cold areas. Hot desert air may feel dry yet it contains lot of water vapour. That’s why the warming effect of CO2 is felt more where the air is cold and dry – i.e. in the poles and not in the tropics. Although much publicity is given in the media to retreating glaciers, this is not something new or recent. Glaciers have been shrinking for the past 300 years. CO2 is a much maligned gas but its importance cannot be overstated. Plants regard CO2 as food. Using sunlight from the sky and water from roots, plants convert CO2 into oxygen and carbohydrates during photosynthesis. As Freeman Dyson explains, a field of corn growing in full sunlight will use up all the CO2 within a meter of the ground in about 5 minutes. The corn would stop growing if the air was not constantly stirred by convection.

One of the most vital components of our terrestrial ecosystems is the thin layer (5-20 cm) of the topsoil having the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms. This is where much of the Earth’s biological activity takes place. According to Freeman Dyson, each year this layer of topsoil absorbs and converts into biomass a certain fraction of the CO2 that we emit into the atmosphere. He feels that the problem of CO2 in the atmosphere is more a result of poor land management than connected to meteorology, and recommends growing more trees, introducing no-till farming, and minimizing the use of the plough.

In plants, the shoot fixes CO2 from the air, and the root extracts mineral nutrients and water from the soil. There is a balance between shoot and root functions. In environments of increased CO2, this balance is altered and hence, the plant would need less leaf area and more root area. Elevated CO2 can stimulate root growth thereby increasing the root/shoot ratio. As Freeman Dyson points out, this means that plants put more of their growth into roots and less into stems and leaves. When plants die and decay, more of the above-ground growth will return to the atmosphere while more of the below-ground will become topsoil. Hence in CO2 enriched environments, plants with increased root/shoot ratio will cause an increased transfer of carbon from the atmosphere into the topsoil.

There are five interconnected reservoirs of CO2 namely, the atmosphere, the surface layer of the oceans, the vegetation on land, the top soil, and fossil fuels. As Freeman Dyson points out, they all interact with each other so strongly that you cannot understand any of them unless you understand all of them. Predictions on climate change are based almost entirely on computer simulations. But according to the Japanese meteorologist Dr Syukuro Manabe, the first to pioneer the use of computers to model global climate change with increasing CO2 levels, computer models are very useful to understand climate, but not a good tool for predicting climate. This is because climate is such a complex phenomenon.

Climate has changed many times before mammals appeared on our planet. Just over a thousand years ago, Vikings settled in Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland and were able to raise crops and sheep. Romans had vineyards in England as far north as Lincolnshire. Climate change is an irrefutable fact and no one can deny it. We fully believe that we are a part of the problem and our activities and life styles do contribute towards exacerbating an already bad situation. What we are skeptical about is the extent of our influence on it. To think that we alone are responsible for such a change in global climate reflects the same kind of arrogance that led the medieval man to believe that he was the centre of everything and that the sun revolved around him.